On the equations $x^2-2py^2 = -1, \pm 2$

Abstract: Let $E\in{-1, \pm 2}$. We improve on the upper and lower densities of primes $p$ such that the equation $x^2-2py^2=E$ is solvable for $x, y\in \mathbb{Z}$. We prove that the natural density of primes $p$ such that the narrow class group of the real quadratic number field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2p})$ has an element of order $16$ is equal to $\frac{1}{64}$. We give an application of our results to the distribution of Hasse's unit index for the CM-fields $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2p}, \sqrt{-1})$. Our results are consequences of a twisted joint distribution result for the $16$-ranks of class groups of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-p})$ and $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-2p})$ as $p$ varies.