Qubit-channel metrology with very noisy initial states

Abstract: We consider an arbitrary qubit channel depending on a single parameter, which is to be estimated by a physical process. Using the quantum Fisher information per channel invocation to quantify the estimation accuracy, we consider various estimation protocols when the available initial states are mixed with very low purity. We compare a protocol using a single channel invocation on one out of $n$ qubits prepared in a particular correlated input state to the optimal protocol using uncorrelated input states, with the same initial state purity. We show that, to lowest order in initial-state purity, for a unital channel this correlated state protocol enhances the estimation accuracy by a factor between $n-1$ and $n.$ We also show that to lowest order in initial-state purity, a broad class of non-unital channels yields no gain regardless of the input state.