Bounds for Serre's open image theorem for elliptic curves over number fields

Abstract: For $E/K$ an elliptic curve without complex multiplication we bound the index of the image of $\operatorname{Gal}(\bar{K}/K)$ in $\operatorname{GL}2(\hat{\mathbb{Z}})$, the representation being given by the action on the Tate modules of $E$ at the various primes. The bound is effective and only depends on $[K:\mathbb{Q}]$ and on the stable Faltings height of $E$. We also prove a result relating the structure of subgroups of $\operatorname{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}\ell)$ to certain Lie algebras naturally attached to them.