Photoassociation of long-range $nD$ Rydberg molecules

Abstract: We observe long-range homonuclear diatomic $nD$ Rydberg molecules photoassociated out of an ultracold gas of $^{87}$Rb atoms for 34$\le n \le$40. The measured ground-state binding energies of $^{87}$Rb$(nD-5S_{1/2})$ molecular states are larger than those of their $^{87}$Rb$(nS-5S_{1/2})$ counterparts, showing the dependence of the molecular bond on the angular momentum of the Rydberg atom. We exhibit the transition of $^{87}$Rb$(nD-5S_{1/2})$ molecules from a molecular-binding-dominant regime at low $n$ to a fine-structure-dominant regime at high $n$ [akin to Hund's cases (a) and (c), respectively]. In the analysis the fine structure of the $nD$ Rydberg atom and the hyperfine structure of the $5S_{1/2}$ atom are included.