Discovery of a large-scale galaxy filament near a candidate intergalactic X-ray absorption system

Abstract: We present an analysis of the large-scale galaxy distribution around two possible warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) absorption systems reported along the Markarian 421 sightline. Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we find a prominent galaxy filament at the redshift of the z=0.027 X-ray absorption line system. The filament exhibits a width of 3.2 Mpc and length of at least 20 Mpc, comparable to the size of WHIM filaments seen in cosmological simulations. No individual galaxies fall within 350 projected kpc so it is unlikely that the absorption is associated with gas in a galaxy halo or outflow. Another, lower-significance X-ray absorption system was reported in the same Chandra spectrum at z=0.011, but the large-scale structure in its vicinity is far weaker and may be a spurious alignment. By searching for similar galaxy structures in 140 random smoothed SDSS fields, we estimate a ~5-10% probability of the z=0.027 absorber-filament alignment occurring by chance. If these two systems are indeed physically associated, this would represent the first known coincidence between large-scale galaxy structure and a blind X-ray WHIM detection.