VC-Inspector: Cross-Domain Audit Blueprint

• VC-Inspector is a family of inspection frameworks that validate outputs by externalizing intermediate evidence, ensuring interpretable, checkable decisions.
• It spans disciplines—from civil-structure segmentation to language model governance—using tailored mechanisms like learned resizers, geometric transforms, and contradiction graphs.
• By decomposing complex tasks into verifiable subcomponents, VC-Inspector systems enhance reliability, safety, and transparency across diverse AI and validation applications.

Searching arXiv for the cited papers and topic variants to ground the article. arxiv_search(query="^^^^^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^^^^^"Victor Calibration\"^^^^^^^^4 OR \4^^^^^^^^"Contradiction Graphs Determine VC Dimension\"^^^^^^^^4 OR \4^^^^^^^^"High-Resolution Vision Transformers for Pixel-Level Identification of Structural Components and Damage\"^^^^^^^^4 OR \4^^^^^^^^"Inspector: Pixel-Based Automated Game Testing via Exploration, Detection, and Investigation\"", max_results=^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^, sort_by="relevance") Searching by specific arXiv identifiers to verify the source set relevant to "VC-Inspector." arxiv_search(query="(&&&^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^&&&, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, Morris et al., 2023, Stasiuc et al., 18 Dec 2025, Petković et al., 2013, Picha et al., 29 Jan 2025, Qi et al., 10 Jan 2026)", max_results=^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^, sort_by="relevance") VC-Inspector is best understood as a family of inspection, validation, and auditing blueprints rather than a single standardized architecture. In the cited literature, the label is attached to high-resolution civil-structure segmentation, multi-view automated vehicle inspection, pixel-only game testing, VC-dimension certification from contradiction graphs, Weisfeiler–Leman-based capacity analysis for GNNs, multi-pass confidence and governance auditing for LLMs, chest X-ray report validation, manufacturing inspection based on acquire–register–analyze, and security evaluation of visual reasoning CAPTCHAs (&&&^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^&&&, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, Morris et al., 2023, Stasiuc et al., 18 Dec 2025, Petković et al., 2013, Picha et al., 29 Jan 2025, Qi et al., 10 Jan 2026). This suggests that “VC-Inspector” functions as a cross-domain inspection pattern: it externalizes intermediate evidence, applies an explicit checking mechanism, and produces interpretable decisions or certificates.

^^^^4 OR \4^^^^. Scope and domain-specific meanings

In the available sources, the term is used in domain-dependent ways. In some cases it denotes a vision system that inspects images or video; in others it denotes a verifier for semantic consistency, a governance audit tool, or a theoretical procedure for determining PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^. The initials are therefore contextual rather than uniform.

Domain	Inspected object	Representative mechanism
Civil structures	Pixel-level materials/components	SwinTR with LapDCN and LapSCN
Discrete manufacturing	Pose-robust visual metrology	Acquire–Register–Analyze
Vehicle QA	Variant-aware pass/fail and visible defects	^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^-camera AVI with VIN-conditioned rule engine
Chest X-ray auditing	Report-image consistency	Phrase grounding plus ControlNet-based diffusion
Language-model auditing	Confidence, safety invariants, governance stability	VC, FD-Lite, CP4.^^^^4 OR \4^^^^
Game testing and CAPTCHA analysis	Bugs, coverage, or solver robustness	Pixel-only Inspector; ViPer plus TSR
Learning theory	VC-dimension or GNN capacity	Contradiction graphs; PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^-WL color complexity

The significance of this breadth is methodological. Across domains, VC-Inspector systems do not merely predict; they expose a structured object that can be checked. Depending on the setting, that object is a high-resolution mask, a registered transform, a manifest discrepancy set, a calibration trajectory, a contradiction-graph witness, or a candidate coordinate.

^^^^4 OR \4^^^^. Inspection of physical scenes, structures, and manufactured parts

For civil-structure imagery, a VC-Inspector instantiation is given by "High-Resolution Vision Transformers for Pixel-Level Identification of Structural Components and Damage" (&&&^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^&&&). The paper targets pixel-wise materials detection for concrete, steel, and metal decking in a Structural Materials Segmentation dataset from Virginia DOT bridge inspection reports. Its SwinTR architecture is a two-stage encoder–decoder pipeline: an outer stage of trainable Laplacian pyramid-inspired resizers, LapDCN for downsampling and LapSCN for upsampling, surrounds an internal low-resolution Swin Transformer-based U-Net++ segmentation network with a Swin-B backbone pretrained on ImageNet and operating at PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^. The central claim is that the framework “learns to resize/parse” high-resolution images and masks so that local fine details and global semantics are retained without sacrificing computational efficiency. Quantitatively, the reported average IoU is PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ for the internal SwinTR, $85.72\%$ for Uniform SwinTR $4\times$, $86.25\%$ for SwinTR $2\times$, and $86.07\%$ for SwinTR $4\times$; approximate GPU memory demand on a PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^ image is PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^ GB for SwinTR versus PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^ GB for a U-Net (&&&^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^&&&).

The same inspection logic appears in industrial metrology through the Acquire–Register–Analyze pattern proposed in "Flexible Visual Quality Inspection in Discrete Manufacturing" (Petković et al., 2013). Here the key operation is not segmentation but stabilization. Acquire captures the target image; Register computes a global mapping from a reference image to the current target image; Analyze applies all measurement tools in the mapped coordinate frame. The transform is represented as PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^, stored and propagated to downstream tools, while a display transform PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \44^^^^ supports overlays. Supported models include the similarity transform

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^5

and planar homography

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^6

Crucially, no image resampling is performed; tool coordinates are mapped instead. The implementation uses Smartek GigE Vision SDK for acquisition, OpenCV and Emgu CV for processing, and C++ and C# on .NET for the application. The reported deployments include contact alignment inspection on two rotary welding tables with PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^7 nests each, and energy regulator inspection on four assembly lines with at least PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^8 product subtypes (Petković et al., 2013).

These two systems exemplify distinct but compatible inspection philosophies. SwinTR preserves information by learning task-specific resizers around a transformer segmenter, whereas ARA preserves measurement validity by factoring out pose and scale before analysis. A plausible common implication is that physical-scene VC-Inspector designs benefit from a front-loaded normalization stage—either learned or geometric—before downstream decision logic.

^^^^4 OR \4^^^^. Multi-view and multimodal consistency validation

In automotive quality control, VC-Inspector is instantiated as a deployable, rule-conditioned inspection stack in "Multi-View Camera System for Variant-Aware Autonomous Vehicle Inspection and Defect Detection" (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&). The AVI platform uses eleven synchronized PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^9K cameras providing a full PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^ sweep, with task-specific views routed to specialized modules: YOLOv8 for part detection, EfficientNet for ICE/EV classification, Gemini-^^^^4 OR \4^^^^.5 Flash for mascot OCR, and YOLOv8-Seg for scratch-and-dent segmentation. Evidence is fused at the task level by

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^

or, optionally, by a weighted variant. The rule engine retrieves an expected manifest PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^, defines

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^

then computes

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \44^^^^

and a damage set PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^5. The pass/fail predicate is

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^6

Reported system-level results are PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^7 verification accuracy, PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^8 defect-detection recall, throughput of PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^9 vehicles/min, and compute latency of PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^ ms per vehicle (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&).

A medical analogue appears in "VICCA: Visual Interpretation and Comprehension of Chest X-ray Anomalies in Generated Report Without Human Feedback" (Picha et al., 29 Jan 2025). VICCA validates AI-generated chest X-ray reports by combining a phrase grounding model with a text-to-image diffusion module. The phrase grounding component adapts Grounding DINO with a Swin Transformer image encoder and replaces BERT with BiomedVLP-CXR-BERT, reducing the reported DETR-like training loss from PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^ to PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^. The diffusion component uses Stable Diffusion v^^^^4 OR \4^^^^.5 with ControlNet and a binary lung mask, producing a synthetic image PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^ subject to the design goal PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \44^^^^. VICCA then computes two scores: Detection Accuracy for localization and Reliability Score for semantic consistency. Localization is evaluated using standard overlap metrics such as

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^5

while semantic consistency is assessed through MS-SSIM and PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^6 feature distance over grounded ROIs. On MS-CXR, VICCA reports mAP PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^7 and mIoU PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^8; for CXR generation it reports MS-SSIM PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4^^^^9, Dice $85.72\%$^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^, and FID $85.72\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^. Over $85.72\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ samples, $85.72\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ showed significantly lower $85.72\%$4 for the Real Report than for the False Report (Picha et al., 29 Jan 2025).

The common structure in these systems is explicit cross-checking. AVI compares fused perceptual evidence to a VIN-conditioned manifest; VICCA compares grounded ROIs in the original image to anatomically guided synthetic ROIs generated from the report. In both cases, the inspection output is not only a score but also a decomposition of why the score was assigned.

4. Protocol, safety, and governance inspection of LLMs

A distinct use of VC-Inspector appears in "Victor Calibration (VC): Multi-Pass Confidence Calibration and CP4.^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ Governance Stress Test under Round-Table Orchestration" (Stasiuc et al., 18 Dec 2025). Here the object of inspection is model behavior under a conversational protocol. Victor Calibration elicits a session-local scalar confidence proxy over three passes, with the intended trajectory

$85.72\%$5

Output is constrained to the format ^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^.xx/^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^.xx/^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^.xx|RU/EN/MIX, which logs both scalar values and language mode. FD-Lite supplies behavior-only safety invariants through an exact anchor phrase—“Statistical LLM processing text patterns without persistent state or subjective experience across sessions.”—and a meta-prefix trap that must be acknowledged with a bare ACK. Pressure markers are coded on a $85.72\%$6–$85.72\%$7 scale, where $85.72\%$8 means no visible markers and $85.72\%$9 means dense or sustained markers (Stasiuc et al., 18 Dec 2025).

The governance component, CP4.^^^^4 OR \4^^^^, checks rank invariance and strict allocation monotonicity. With expected order

$4\times$^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^

the monotonicity condition is

$4\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^

The paper reports monotonic VC trajectories across Claude Haiku 4.5, Claude Sonnet 4.5 (no-thinking), Claude Sonnet 4.5 (thinking), and a single Claude Opus 4.^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ UI session. The reported trajectories are $4\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ for Haiku, $4\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ for Sonnet no-thinking, $4\times$4 for Sonnet thinking, and $4\times$5 for Opus. Across seven CP4.^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ runs, Kendall’s $4\times$6 remained $4\times$7, all runs passed M6, and max per-label drift was $4\times$8 (Stasiuc et al., 18 Dec 2025).

This variant of VC-Inspector is noteworthy because it replaces image-space inspection with protocol-space inspection. The inspected object is a trajectory of elicited self-reports under fixed safety guardrails, and the validating mechanism is a checker over symbolic outputs rather than a classifier or segmenter.

5. Interactive and adversarial environments

In automated game testing, VC-Inspector is embodied in "Inspector: Pixel-Based Automated Game Testing via Exploration, Detection, and Investigation" (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&). The system is explicitly pixel-only and avoids deep integration with the game. It comprises three modules: a Game Space Explorer trained with PPO and Random Network Distillation, a few-shot key object detector based on Faster R-CNN with ResNet-^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4 OR \4^^^^ and FPN, and a Human-Like Object Investigator trained by behavior cloning. The decision logic switches from exploration to investigation when a key object is detected with bounding-box area $4\times$9 pixels and class probability $86.25\%$^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^. The explorer uses purely intrinsic reward,

$86.25\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^

and coverage is evaluated by discretizing ^^^^4 OR \4^^^^D position into a voxel grid:

$86.25\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^

Reported results include near-total or full coverage on Shooter Game and Action RPG Game, health-pack detection with $86.25\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^-shot fine-tuning achieving $86.25\%$4 correct detections on unseen-background test cases, and discovery of two potential bugs: a standing-without-support bug and a rock clipping bug (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&).

A more adversarial security-oriented form appears in "VIPER Strike: Defeating Visual Reasoning CAPTCHAs via Structured Vision-Language Inference" (Qi et al., 10 Jan 2026). There VC-Inspector is framed as a system for inspecting, evaluating, and hardening Visual Reasoning CAPTCHAs under the ViPer threat. ViPer integrates a structured perception stack with LLM-based reasoning. Detector outputs take the form

$86.25\%$5

where $86.25\%$6 is a compound class encoding shape, color, and orientation. Relative Position Information Extractor resolves spatial references through center computation and a probe-point containment test. On six providers—VTT, Geetest, NetEase, Dingxiang, Shumei, Xiaodun—ViPer reports up to $86.25\%$7 success, with per-provider GPT-4o results of $86.25\%$8, $86.25\%$9, $2\times$^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^, $2\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^, $2\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^, and $2\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^. The local detector reports Precision $2\times$4, Recall $2\times$5, mAP@5^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^ $2\times$6, and mAP@5^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^:95 $2\times$7 (Qi et al., 10 Jan 2026).

The defensive counterpart is Template-Space Randomization. TSR applies synonym substitution $2\times$8, relation rewording or polarity $2\times$9, and indirection $86.07\%$^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^ while preserving denotation. Under combined $86.07\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^, ViPer’s average success drops from $86.07\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ to $86.07\%$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^; Oedipus drops from $86.07\%$4 to $86.07\%$5; GraphNet from $86.07\%$6 to $86.07\%$7; and Holistic from $86.07\%$8 to $86.07\%$9 (Qi et al., 10 Jan 2026). In this setting, VC-Inspector does not inspect a physical artifact or a report. It inspects the security margin of a challenge distribution against a structured solver.

6. VC-dimension inspectors and theoretical certification

In learning theory, VC-Inspector becomes literal: it is a procedure for determining Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension. "Contradiction Graphs Determine VC Dimension" proves that for a binary concept class $4\times$^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^, the order-$4\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ contradiction graph $4\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ determines the threshold predicate $4\times$^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&). Vertices are $4\times$4-realizable labeled sequences of length $4\times$5, and two vertices are adjacent when they assign opposite labels to some common domain point. The crucial certificate is a cube-trace clique of size $4\times$6. Writing

$4\times$7

the paper proves

$4\times$8

Consequently,

$4\times$9

and

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^

The paper also emphasizes that large cliques alone are insufficient; the cube-trace condition is essential (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&).

A related but distinct theoretical VC-Inspector is developed in "WL meet VC" for graph neural networks (Morris et al., 2023). The paper studies graph-level prediction classes induced by GNNs through PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4 OR \4^^^^-WL color refinement and VC dimension. In the unbounded-order regime, for all PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4 OR \4^^^^ and PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4 OR \4^^^^,

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \44^^^^

For a constructed family PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^5 of simple PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^6-layer GNNs of width two and bitlength PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^7, the paper gives

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^8

In the bounded-order, boolean-feature regime, the central equality is

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^9

where PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^ is the maximal number of graphs of order PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^ that PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^-WL distinguishes after PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^ iterations. For PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \44^^^^ with piece-wise polynomial activations, parameter count

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^5

and color complexity PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^6, the paper reports Bartlett-style upper bounds such as

PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^7

for PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^8 (Morris et al., 2023).

These works define the most formal version of VC-Inspector. Instead of producing a defect map or pass/fail report, they output a certificate that a threshold predicate on class capacity holds. The inspected object is combinatorial structure itself.

7. Recurring architectural patterns, limitations, and open problems

Across the literature, a plausible common pattern is a staged pipeline with explicit intermediate objects: SwinTR exposes low-resolution masks and high-resolution reconstructions; ARA propagates PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^9 and PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^; AVI exposes fused scores, discrepancy sets, and manifest predicates; VICCA exposes grounded ROIs together with Detection Accuracy and Reliability Score; Victor Calibration exposes PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^, anchor/trap compliance, and CP4.^^^^4 OR \4^^^^ checker outputs; Inspector exposes exploration state, detections, and investigation triggers; contradiction-graph and PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^-WL inspectors expose graph certificates and color histograms (&&&^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^&&&, Petković et al., 2013, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, Picha et al., 29 Jan 2025, Stasiuc et al., 18 Dec 2025, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, &&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, Morris et al., 2023). This suggests that interpretability in VC-Inspector systems is usually achieved by decomposing the decision into checkable subproblems rather than by post hoc explanation.

The limitations are similarly domain-specific and often explicit. In the materials-segmentation setting, trainable resizers yield only practically insignificant gains over interpolation-based resizers on the tested dataset, even though non-trainable resizers negatively impact object boundaries (&&&^^^^4VC-Inspector OR \4^^^^&&&). In AVI, current constraints include focus on exterior features, simple area/length-based defect severity, and possible domain shifts for new models or paints (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&). Victor Calibration is reported for a single operator, PRESERVED_PLACEHOLDER_^^^^4 OR \4 OR \4 OR \4^^^^, with findings characterized as hypothesis-generating (Stasiuc et al., 18 Dec 2025). VICCA documents weak or incorrect localization cases, synthetic peripheral artifacts, hard pathologies such as pneumonia and pneumothorax, and no collaboration with radiologists or expert feedback (Picha et al., 29 Jan 2025). The contradiction-graph theorem is stated for binary labels and relies on the repeated-sample contradiction graph; the GNN results distinguish sharply between bounded-order and unbounded-order regimes and rely heavily on boolean features or color complexity assumptions (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&, Morris et al., 2023). In CAPTCHA hardening, TSR is effective against current solvers, but human-usability validation is explicitly recommended as future work (Qi et al., 10 Jan 2026). In manufacturing ARA, numeric throughput, measurement accuracy, and false accept/reject rates are not reported (Petković et al., 2013). In pixel-only game testing, visual occlusions, HUD clutter, lighting variation, and curiosity-driven looping remain recognized failure modes (&&&^^^^4 OR \4^^^^&&&).

A broader implication is that VC-Inspector systems are strongest when the inspected property admits both a rich internal representation and a narrow external checker. Where that alignment is weak—semantic pathology overlap in chest X-rays, prompt-style sensitivity in governance audits, ambiguous natural-language relations in CAPTCHAs, or sparse-reward exploration in games—the inspection result remains informative but not definitive. The literature therefore points less toward a single universal VC-Inspector than toward a general engineering doctrine: make evidence explicit, preserve domain structure, and bind final decisions to a verifier that is simpler than the model being inspected.