Stenzel metric is a complete Ricci-flat Kähler metric defined on the complexification of compact rank-one symmetric spaces, such as T*Sⁿ.
It is a Calabi–Yau metric with holonomy in SU(n), characterized by an asymptotically conical structure and explicit decay rates, exemplified by the Eguchi–Hanson and deformed conifold metrics.
Its unique geometric features facilitate rigorous analysis in calibrated submanifolds, gauge theory, and flux quantization in theoretical physics.
The Stenzel metric is the complete Ricci-flat Kähler metric constructed by Stenzel on the complexification of a compact rank-one symmetric space. In its standard and most studied form, it is the unique (up to scale), complete, SO(n+1)-invariant, Ricci-flat Kähler metric on
M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,
the affine smoothing of the ordinary double point
C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.
It is a Calabi–Yau metric with holonomy contained in SU(n), cohomogeneity one under the natural orthogonal action, and asymptotically conical with tangent cone given by the quadric Calabi–Yau cone (Conlon et al., 2012). In broader usage, “Stenzel metric” also refers to the corresponding complete Ricci-flat Kähler metrics on the complexifications of other compact rank-one globally symmetric spaces, including CPn, HPn, and OP2 (Zedda, 2019).
1. Geometric models and basic examples
For the sphere case, the metric lives on the Stein manifold
M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,
while the tangent cone at infinity is the quadric cone
C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.
Both C and M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,0 carry holomorphic volume forms defined by residue formulas, so M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,1 and M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,2 are trivial. In this model the Stenzel metric is Calabi–Yau, and the zero section M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,3 is a special Lagrangian submanifold (Conlon et al., 2012).
Several low-dimensional instances recur across the literature. For M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,4, the metric is the Eguchi–Hanson metric. For M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,5, it is the deformed conifold metric of Candelas–de la Ossa. A different convention is common in the M-theory literature: the “M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,6 Stenzel space” there is the 8-dimensional complex manifold homeomorphic to M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,7, realized as
M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,8
with asymptotic link M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,9 and a finite C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.0 bolt at the tip (Dias et al., 2017).
Stenzel’s construction also extends beyond spheres. On the complexifications of C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.1 and C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.2, the metric is again described by a radial Kähler potential C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.3 in an invariant variable C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.4, and the resulting metrics are complete, Ricci-flat, and Kähler (Zedda, 2019).
2. Kähler potential, Ricci-flat ODE, and asymptotic cone
In the sphere case, the metric is determined by an C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.5-invariant Kähler potential depending only on the ambient radial function C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.6. Stenzel’s formula may be written as
C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.7
where C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.8, C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.9, and SU(n)0 satisfies
SU(n)1
The tangent cone metric SU(n)2 on SU(n)3 is the Calabi–Yau cone with Kähler potential SU(n)4, equivalently
The asymptotically conical structure is sharp. For SU(n)7, the metric difference from the cone satisfies
SU(n)8
with all derivatives, and this rate is optimal. The leading term is explicitly computed in Bianchi gauge as a tracefree SU(n)9-invariant symmetric CPn0-tensor of order CPn1, so the decay rate is exactly
CPn2
Special cases emphasized in the literature are CPn3, where the rate is CPn4, and CPn5, where the rate is CPn6 (Conlon et al., 2012).
The same paper places the Stenzel metric in a general AC Calabi–Yau framework. There, uniqueness is proved under the relaxed decay assumption CPn7, using two analytic inputs: any harmonic function of rate CPn8 on an AC Kähler manifold with CPn9 is pluriharmonic, and any HPn0-exact real HPn1-form with small negative rate is HPn2 of a function with rate HPn3. In the smoothing HPn4, this yields uniqueness of the AC Calabi–Yau metric up to scaling (Conlon et al., 2012).
3. The eight-dimensional Stenzel space and its invariant HPn5-structure
For the 8-dimensional case relevant to HPn6, the Stenzel space is the deformed quadric
HPn7
homeomorphic to HPn8. Its principal orbits are copies of the Stiefel manifold HPn9, and the cohomogeneity-one metric is written using invariant one-forms OP20 as
OP21
Ricci-flatness and Kählerity determine the radial functions uniquely, with
OP22
OP23
OP24
As OP25, OP26 while OP27 and OP28 stay finite, so the OP29 fiber collapses smoothly and the tip is an M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,0 bolt. As M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,1, the metric approaches the cone over M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,2 (Dias et al., 2017).
An equivalent invariant description uses a radial potential M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,3 on M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,4. In that notation,
The canonical M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,7 form on this Calabi–Yau fourfold is
M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,8
and the zero section M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,9 is calibrated by C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.0, hence is a Cayley submanifold (Papoulias, 2020).
A further geometric feature of the 8-dimensional Stenzel metric is the existence of a unique C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.1-normalisable self-dual harmonic C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.2-form C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.3, written as C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.4. This form is central in the CGLP M-theory solution and in flux quantization problems on warped Stenzel backgrounds (Dias et al., 2017).
4. Rigidity, uniqueness, and Liouville-type theorems
A recent rigidity theorem gives a strong characterization of Stenzel metrics by quasi-isometry at infinity. Let C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.5 be a Calabi–Yau cone and C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.6 an open Ricci-flat Kähler manifold modeled on C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.7 in the sense that, outside a compact set, there is a diffeomorphism C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.8 with
C={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=0}.9
for some C0, and with two-sided bounds
C1
Under these hypotheses, C2 is asymptotically conical and has unique tangent cone at infinity equal to C3 (Benabida, 2 Jun 2026).
Applied to the Stenzel smoothing, this yields the corollary: if C4 is a Ricci-flat Kähler metric on
C5
such that
C6
for some C7, then
C8
for some diffeomorphism C9 and M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,00. The corollary applies for all M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,01 (Benabida, 2 Jun 2026).
Related rigidity appears for the Stenzel cone itself. In the setting of complete Calabi–Yau metrics on M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,02 with tangent cone at infinity M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,03, where M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,04 is the M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,05-dimensional Stenzel cone, the metric is unique up to scaling and biholomorphism. The argument combines Donaldson–Sun theory, a decay-improvement scheme for the complex Monge–Ampère equation, and the structure of harmonic functions on M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,06 (Székelyhidi, 2019).
5. Calibrated submanifolds, monopoles, and instantons
The zero section is a distinguished calibrated submanifold for Stenzel metrics. In M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,07 it is special Lagrangian, and in the Stenzel metric on M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,08 with M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,09, every compact minimal submanifold must lie in the zero section. Moreover, if a compact embedded M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,10-submanifold is initially sufficiently close to the zero section in the sense that
Gauge theory on Stenzel backgrounds has been developed in several dimensions. On M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,12, viewed as the deformed conifold
M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,13
the Calabi–Yau monopole equations for invariant M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,14-connections reduce to ODEs because the metric is M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,15-invariant and cohomogeneity one. The same analysis gives reducible Dirac Calabi–Yau monopoles, a large-mass bubbling limit to the standard BPS monopole on M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,16, and an explicit irreducible M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,17 Hermitian–Yang–Mills connection asymptotic to the canonical invariant connection (Oliveira, 2014).
On M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,18, the Stenzel metric furnishes a non-compact M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,19 on which the M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,20 instanton and Hermitian–Yang–Mills equations admit M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,21-invariant reductions to ODEs. In the abelian and trivial M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,22-bundle cases these ODEs coincide locally, but globally only the trivial invariant solution extends across the zero section. On the two nontrivial M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,23-bundles over M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,24, the invariant M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,25 equations admit one-parameter families of solutions, while the HYM equations select exactly one solution on each bundle; this gives a concrete non-equivalence M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,26 in the non-compact invariant setting (Papoulias, 2020).
More broadly, for Stenzel-type Calabi–Yau structures on complexified symmetric spaces, invariant special Lagrangians under symmetric subgroup actions are governed by explicit ODEs on complexified flat sections. The construction applies to the Stenzel metrics arising from compact rank-one symmetric spaces and produces special Lagrangians of arbitrary phase (Koike, 2019).
6. Supergravity, flux backgrounds, and broader variants
In eleven-dimensional supergravity, the 8-dimensional Stenzel space on M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,27 serves as the internal manifold of the supersymmetric CGLP solution,
M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,28
The normalisable self-dual harmonic M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,29-form provides the magnetic flux, the asymptotic geometry is M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,30, and the Maxwell charge runs as
M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,31
interpolating from its UV value to M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,32 at the tip (Dias et al., 2017).
Warped and orbifolded Stenzel backgrounds support flux quantization and discrete torsion. In the M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,33 orbifold, the M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,34 bolt supports quantized M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,35-flux, while torsion M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,36 cycles carry flat M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,37. The associated Page, Maxwell, and brane charges differ in the standard way: Page charge is localized and quantized but changes under large gauge transformations, while Maxwell charge is gauge invariant and includes bulk flux contributions (Hashimoto et al., 2011).
The backreaction of anti-M2 branes on warped Stenzel space has also been analyzed. The linearized solutions preserving the M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,38 symmetry of the CGLP background reproduce the expected warp-factor singularity of anti-M2 charge in the infrared, but they also develop a singular magnetic four-form flux. In one treatment this singularity is interpreted as evidence against metastable anti-brane vacua in warped throats; in another, the polarization potential shows no stable minimum and the force between anti-M2 branes at the tip is repulsive, indicating a tachyonic instability (Bena et al., 2010, Massai, 2011, Bena et al., 2014).
The Stenzel framework also admits non-Calabi–Yau M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,39-structure deformations on manifolds homeomorphic to M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,40. In these models the complex structure may remain integrable while M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,41 and M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,42 are nonzero, producing M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,43 type IIA compactifications with asymptotically conformal M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,44 external geometry and NS5-brane source distributions. The undeformed Stenzel metric appears as the M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,45 Calabi–Yau point of this family (Prins, 2014).
Two further variants delimit the scope of the name. First, for M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,46, an invariant weighted-Sasaki Kähler metric on the full tangent bundle M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,47 has holonomy M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,48 and coincides exactly with the Stenzel metric, hence with Eguchi–Hanson (Albuquerque, 2016). Second, for the complete Ricci-flat Kähler metrics that Stenzel constructed on the complexifications of M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,49 and M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,50, as well as for the sphere case under suitable rescalings, local Calabi-diastasis computations show that they are not projectively induced; for M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,51 and M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,52 this failure holds for every M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,53 and for all rescalings M={z∈Cn+1:i=1∑n+1zi2=1}≅T∗Sn,54 (Zedda, 2019).