Pangenesis Realization in Cosmology and Biology

• Pangenesis realization is a unified framework linking cosmic visible and dark matter asymmetries via the Affleck–Dine mechanism and generalized baryon conservation.
• The models detail precise charge assignments and field dynamics that yield asymmetries consistent with observed baryon yields and predict a dark matter mass near 5 GeV.
• Biological reinterpretations involve transposable elements mediating genetic transfer, echoing Darwin’s pangenesis and offering testable predictions in evolutionary biology.

Pangenesis realization refers to frameworks in which both the visible matter-antimatter asymmetry and the dark matter asymmetry emerge from a unified dynamical process, such that the cosmic abundances of baryons and dark matter are linked through their origin. In contemporary theoretical physics, pangenesis is rigorously realized via the Affleck–Dine (AD) mechanism in baryon-symmetric universes, where generalized baryon number conservation mandates a precise anticorrelation between visible and dark sector asymmetries. Parallelly, in evolutionary biology, pangenesis has been functionally reinterpreted through models in which flows of genetic information from soma to germline, mediated by transposable elements, embody a molecular realization of Darwin’s 19th-century pangenesis hypothesis. The following sections focus primarily on the high-energy implementation but include a brief survey of the biological counterpart for conceptual completeness.

1. Symmetry Structure and Generalized Baryon Number

The high-energy pangenesis mechanism is predicated on extending the standard baryon-minus-lepton number $(B-L)_1$ of the visible sector to include a dark sector baryon number $B_2$, giving two orthogonal conserved charges:

$B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$

A baryon-symmetric universe enforces $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$, but allows $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$. Conservation of $B-L$ implies equal and opposite asymmetries in the visible and dark sectors,

$$\langle (B-L)_1 \rangle = \langle B_2 \rangle = \langle X \rangle / 2.$$

This structure is preserved in supersymmetric extensions by gauging $B-L$ (so it remains unbroken and exact), while $X$ is a global symmetry that may be dynamically broken and restored.

2. Model Building: Field Content, Charges, and Superpotential

Pangenesis models utilize a minimal connector sector assembled from three SM-singlet chiral superfields $\Phi_j$ ($B_2$0) and their vector-like partners $B_2$1. Representative charge assignments are chosen so that $B_2$2, and $B_2$3. The essential renormalizable superpotential takes the form

$B_2$4

where $B_2$5 are mass parameters. Nonrenormalizable $B_2$6-violating but $B_2$7–conserving operators are included to lift the flat directions and provide explicit CP violation:

$B_2$8

These operators underpin the Affleck–Dine asymmetry generation.

3. Affleck–Dine Dynamics and Asymmetry Generation

The scalar potential along the AD flat direction (primarily spanned by $B_2$9) includes Hubble-induced terms during inflation, soft supersymmetry breaking, explicit $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$0-terms, and thermal corrections:

$B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$1

During inflationary and postinflationary epochs when $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$2, the fields are driven to large VEVs, $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$3. As $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$4 decreases to $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$5, coherent oscillations set in, and the explicit CP-violating phases in the $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$6-terms break $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$7. The resulting equation of motion for the $B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$8-charge density,

$B-L = (B-L)_1 - B_2, \qquad X = (B-L)_1 + B_2.$9

shows that a misaligned phase dynamically biases the motion in field-space, generating a net asymmetry $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$0. Once $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$1, the asymmetry freezes in comoving volume.

4. Transfer to Visible and Dark Sectors; Yield and Relic Density Predictions

After asymmetry generation, the $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$2 condensates decay (e.g., $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$3), partitioning $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$4 equally between visible and dark sectors:

$\langle B-L \rangle = 0$5

The predicted baryon (and thus dark) comoving yield is

$\langle B-L \rangle = 0$6

recovering the observed baryon asymmetry for standard parameters ($\langle B-L \rangle = 0$7 GeV, $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$8).

Given the observed relic abundance ratio $\langle B-L \rangle = 0$9, the required dark baryon mass is

$\langle X \rangle \neq 0$0

with corrections depending on sphaleron reprocessing and particle content. This direct mass prediction is a central feature of the pangenesis framework.

5. Model Constraints: Cosmology, Washout, and $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$1-balls

Cosmological and particle physics constraints play a critical role:

• BBN and Thermal Histories: $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$2 MeV for successful big bang nucleosynthesis. In gravity-mediation, $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$3 GeV to avoid BBN-damaging gravitino decays; in gauge-mediation, thermal gravitino abundance, $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$4, and dark sector masses are simultaneously constrained.
• Washout Avoidance: Gauging $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$5 forbids dangerous $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$6-violating operators, ensuring asymmetry survival. Sphalerons merely redistribute the visible asymmetry, and a sufficiently strong dark sector gauge interaction (e.g., $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$7) annihilates the symmetric dark relic.
• $\langle X \rangle \neq 0$8-ball Formation and Decay: For flat directions with negative loop corrections ($\langle X \rangle \neq 0$9), the AD condensate can fragment into $B-L$0-balls. Their stability, decay rate, and impact are set by their charge $B-L$1, mass $B-L$2, and the effective scalar mass, with BBN and relic abundance constraints enforcing bounds on the model parameters. Successful pangenesis requires $B-L$3-ball decay temperatures $B-L$4 MeV and avoidance of stable $B-L$5-balls with mass-to-charge ratios below $B-L$6 GeV).

6. Experimental and Observational Signatures

Definitive evidence for pangenesis would involve joint discovery of:

• Supersymmetry, providing the requisite flat directions and condensate dynamics.
• A GeV-scale asymmetric dark matter candidate matching the predicted mass range ($B-L$7 GeV for $B-L$8).
• A $B-L$9 boson from gauged $$\langle (B-L)_1 \rangle = \langle B_2 \rangle = \langle X \rangle / 2.$$0 with large invisible width (indicative of couplings to the dark sector):

$$\langle (B-L)_1 \rangle = \langle B_2 \rangle = \langle X \rangle / 2.$$1

and nucleon scattering cross sections accessible to next-generation direct detection:

$$\langle (B-L)_1 \rangle = \langle B_2 \rangle = \langle X \rangle / 2.$$2

Additionally, kinetic mixing with the photon or cosmic-ray signatures from late decays and dark photon portals could provide indirect constraints or signals.

7. Biological Realization: Pangenesis via Transposable Elements

A parallel realization of pangenesis in biology conceptualizes transposable elements (TEs) as vectors transmitting somatically-acquired regulatory sequences to the germline, echoing Darwin's “gemmule” hypothesis. In this model:

• Somatic stem cells expressing novel transcription factors without genomic binding sites co-opt TEs to mold matching DNA motifs.
• These TE copies are transported to the germline (with probability $$\langle (B-L)_1 \rangle = \langle B_2 \rangle = \langle X \rangle / 2.$$3), preferentially inserting at regulatory hotspots ($$\langle (B-L)_1 \rangle = \langle B_2 \rangle = \langle X \rangle / 2.$$4).
• This mechanism integrates a Lamarckian component—directed, environment-dependent regulatory innovation—with Darwinian natural selection on the emergent regulatory allele.

Mathematical and simulation frameworks incorporate developmental (epigenetic tracking) and evolutionary (genetic algorithm) components, predicting bursts of regulatory innovation correlated with morphological novelty and speciation (Fontana, 2015). The hypothesis is testable via transgenic lineage experiments tracking the accumulation of novel factor-specific binding motifs over generations.

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The pangenesis paradigm thus establishes a highly predictive, testable link between the microphysics of symmetry-breaking in the early universe and the observed cosmic matter budget, while the convergent application in evolutionary biology underscores the broader conceptual unity in theories of heredity and asymmetry generation (Bell et al., 2011, Harling et al., 2012, Volkas, 2012, Fontana, 2015).