Global Supersymmetry of Preons

• Global supersymmetry of preons is the idea that supersymmetry acts on fundamental constituents, pairing bosons and fermions under quarks and leptons.
• The framework employs rigid, non-gravitational SUSY with constant parameters and Wess–Zumino-like structures to reframe MSSM expectations.
• Composite spectra derived from preonic SUSY reveal rich multiplets, suggesting confinement-induced symmetry breaking and novel partner states.

Global supersymmetry of preons is the hypothesis that supersymmetry is realized at the level of constituents beneath quarks and leptons, rather than primarily on the observed Standard Model fields. In this literature the symmetry is ordinarily rigid rather than local: the constituent sector is organized by boson–fermion pairing, constant SUSY parameters, or Wess–Zumino-like multiplet structure, while gravitini, curved superspace, and explicit supergravity couplings are typically absent. The idea is used to shift supersymmetry below the Standard Model, to explain why ordinary MSSM-like partner doubling may be hidden after compositeness, and, in some models, to make confinement itself the mechanism that destroys preonic boson–fermion degeneracy (Oner et al., 2017, Raitio, 2018, Raitio, 16 Mar 2026).

1. Constituent-level meaning and motivation

The central claim of preonic supersymmetry is that if quarks and leptons are composite, then supersymmetry should naturally act on the more fundamental constituents. One formulation states that “it is natural to consider an option in which SM fermions are composites and SUSY is realized at a more fundamental level,” while another proposes that SUSY should be introduced “one level below the SM, namely on the quark and lepton constituent, i.e. preon level” (Oner et al., 2017, Raitio, 2018).

This constituent-level shift is often presented as a response to two linked issues. First, compositeness and supersymmetry are each treated as incomplete if taken separately: preons address family replication, charge quantization, and quark–lepton similarities, while SUSY addresses quadratic sensitivity in the Higgs sector. Second, several preon papers argue that MSSM-style expectations need not apply if the observed fields are not elementary. In that setting, quarks, leptons, and sometimes even parts of the gauge sector become effective composites, while SUSY organizes a deeper layer.

Some models make this starting point constitutive rather than optional. In a Double Field Theory reformulation of a preon scenario, the basic statement is that “our starting point is global supersymmetry with mass and charge,” and the claim is sharpened by adding that if supersymmetry were removed, either the fermions or the bosons would be lost from the model’s elementary field content (Raitio, 2022). This places global SUSY not as a correction to the Standard Model, but as part of the ontology of the preon sector itself.

2. Model classes and constituent assignments

The phrase “global supersymmetry of preons” does not denote a single canonical model. It covers several constructions that share constituent-level boson–fermion pairing but differ in gauge structure, composite rules, and formal precision.

Model	Preon-sector SUSY status	Characteristic content
Minimal preonic SUSY (Raitio, 2018)	Rigid SUSY for unbound preons only	Photon–photino plus charged preon–spreon pair
$U(1)\times SU(3)$ preon model (Raitio, 16 Mar 2026)	Global SUSY above confinement; broken intrinsically at $\Lambda_{cr}$	Neutral color triplets, charged singlets, three-body composites
Constituent SUSY spectrum counting (Oner et al., 2017)	SUSY imposed at preonic level	Fermion–scalar and three-fermion composite classes
Chiral/vector preon multiplets (Raitio, 10 Jul 2025)	Fundamental preon-layer SUSY	$m^\pm$, $m_i^0$, $s^\pm$, $\sigma_i^0$, $\{a,n\}$
DFT preon scenario (Raitio, 2022)	Global SUSY as starting point	Visible preons $m^\pm,m^0$ and dark $(a,n,s^0)$ sector
Chernon model (Raitio, 2023)	Global-SUSY-inspired rather than explicit	Charges $\pm 1/3$, topological Chern–Simons binding
LST preon model (Raitio, 2023)	Unbroken global SUSY at preon level	Chiral and vector preons in a 6D LST framework
MUSY (Doğangün et al., 2011)	SUSY-like global preonic symmetry	One colored fermionic preon plus six scalar partners

Representative assignments are highly model-dependent. In the $\Lambda_{cr}$0 framework, the internal symmetry group is

$\Lambda_{cr}$1

with

$\Lambda_{cr}$2

completed by

$\Lambda_{cr}$3

so that the gauge anomalies cancel at the preon level (Raitio, 16 Mar 2026). In a different strand, the preon content is expressed directly in chiral and vector multiplets, with charged spinor preons $\Lambda_{cr}$4, neutral color-triplet spinor preons $\Lambda_{cr}$5, scalar partners $\Lambda_{cr}$6, and an axion/axino multiplet $\Lambda_{cr}$7 (Raitio, 10 Jul 2025). These are not variants of one unified Lagrangian; they are distinct realizations of the same constituent-level supersymmetry idea.

3. Explicit, implicit, and generalized realizations

Only a minority of preon papers write explicit rigid-SUSY formulas. A minimal formal statement appears in the textbook-style review used to motivate preonic SUSY, where the supercharge acts as

$\Lambda_{cr}$8

with algebra

$\Lambda_{cr}$9

The same source quotes the standard chiral-multiplet transformations

$m^\pm$0

$m^\pm$1

Because the Grassmann parameter $m^\pm$2 is constant, the symmetry is rigid rather than local (Raitio, 2018).

A more unusual realization is MUSY, a “colour-family extension of supersymmetry.” It begins from one colored chiral fermionic preon $m^\pm$3 and six scalar partners $m^\pm$4, organized by the ad hoc conserved quantity

$m^\pm$5

Its free-field transformations are SUSY-like but not standard super-Poincaré: $m^\pm$6 Here the converter $m^\pm$7 trades color for family, so the symmetry exchanges fermion and boson while also mapping internal labels. The model therefore presents itself as a generalization of SUSY, reducing to ordinary SUSY only in a special limit (Doğangün et al., 2011).

Many preon constructions are less explicit than either of these. The chernon model, for example, states that it “resembles closely the global supersymmetric Wess-Zumino model,” yet does not write supercharges, SUSY algebra, superfield assignments, or transformation rules for its preon fields. Its own characterization is therefore comparative and phenomenological rather than algebraically complete (Raitio, 2023). A recurring point in the literature is that “global supersymmetry of preons” often means an organizing principle—fermionic and bosonic constituents are paired—without a full globally supersymmetric constituent action.

4. Compositeness, confinement, and the fate of preonic SUSY

A recurrent claim is that constituent-level global SUSY does not survive compositeness intact. In one minimalist formulation, supersymmetry is valid only for free preons: above an ionization scale of order $m^\pm$8, quarks and leptons dissociate into constituents and SUSY “enters the scene,” whereas below that scale bound states “do not feel supersymmetry” (Raitio, 2018). On this view, low-energy non-observation of MSSM-like superpartners is not explained by an ordinary soft-breaking sector but by the fact that the observed particles are composite and lie outside the domain where SUSY is defined.

A sharper dynamical version appears in the $m^\pm$9 baryogenesis model. There, preons are free above

$m_i^0$0

and below that scale they form three-body composites. The key claim is that “supersymmetry breaks intrinsically at $m_i^0$1 through the differential condensation of fermionic and bosonic preon composites.” Tree-level degeneracy is taken as the natural starting point,

$m_i^0$2

but one-loop compositeness effects generate

$m_i^0$3

and hence

$m_i^0$4

Because $m_i^0$5 is dynamical during the confinement transition, the model uses confinement-induced SUSY breaking as the non-equilibrium ingredient in baryogenesis, with the observed baryon asymmetry fixing $m_i^0$6 (Raitio, 16 Mar 2026).

Programmatic cosmological versions retain the same high-scale logic but leave the breaking problem open. One preon-cosmology proposal explicitly states that unbroken supersymmetry is a key unifying element of the preon layer, while also admitting that “SUSY breaking remains unsolved” and that the model tends to place composite sparticles at the ordinary lepton/hadron mass scale, which is treated as a problem (Raitio, 10 Jul 2025). This suggests that global preonic SUSY is often clearest as a high-scale structural hypothesis, while its low-energy fate remains model-dependent.

5. Composite spectra implied by preonic supersymmetry

Once SUSY is assigned to preons rather than to Standard Model fields, the resulting spectrum is generically much richer than MSSM intuition suggests. In constituent replacement counting, fermion–scalar preon models predict four composite “super” partners for each Standard Model fermion, while three-fermion preon models predict ten (Oner et al., 2017).

Model class	Ordinary composite	Composite SUSY partners
Fermion–scalar	$m_i^0$7	$m_i^0$8, $m_i^0$9, $s^\pm$0, $s^\pm$1
Three-fermion	$s^\pm$2	$s^\pm$3 scalars $s^\pm$4 $s^\pm$5 vectors at $s^\pm$6, $s^\pm$7 fermions at $s^\pm$8, $s^\pm$9 scalar at $\sigma_i^0$0

These are composite superpartners rather than elementary MSSM sparticles. In the fermion–scalar case, masses are estimated additively as $\sigma_i^0$1 or $\sigma_i^0$2; in the three-fermion case, the tower extends to $\sigma_i^0$3 (Oner et al., 2017). The same paper emphasizes that binding dynamics and mixings can modify the simple additive estimates, but the multiplicity pattern is the central claim.

Other preon models write the composites explicitly. One topological-cosmological construction assigns the first generation as

$\sigma_i^0$4

$\sigma_i^0$5

with scalar superpartners built from scalar preons such as $\sigma_i^0$6 and $\sigma_i^0$7 (Raitio, 10 Jul 2025). MUSY goes further in a different direction: all known Standard Model fields are constructed from one colored fermionic preon and six scalar partners, three generations arise naturally from the color–family map, proton decay is forbidden because fermionic preons do not decay into scalar preons or vice versa, and additional states coupling only to gauge bosons are proposed as dark matter candidates (Doğangün et al., 2011).

A common misconception is that preonic SUSY merely reproduces the MSSM one level deeper. The explicit spectrum-building papers argue otherwise. Their characteristic output is not a one-to-one doubling of the observed spectrum, but a composite tower containing scalar, vector, and fermionic excitations, exotic color multiplets, and, in some schemes, dark-sector states built from the same constituent supersymmetry.

6. Topological, stringy, and higher-dimensional extensions

Several later programs attempt to embed global preonic SUSY in topological or string-motivated settings without turning it into an ordinary low-energy supergravity model. In the chernon model, the preonic interaction is topological Chern–Simons binding rather than nonabelian metacolor confinement. The model carries charges $\sigma_i^0$8, is said to resemble the global supersymmetric Wess–Zumino model, and is contrasted with Pati’s explicitly supergravity-based preon construction; at the same time, it admits that its own global symmetry analysis is weaker than Pati’s (Raitio, 2023).

A Double Field Theory reformulation pushes the same constituent-level SUSY into a stringy geometric envelope. That construction keeps the statement that the starting point is global supersymmetry, extends the model to a dark axion/axino/saxion sector, and embeds it in a doubled $\sigma_i^0$9-dimensional framework with global $\{a,n\}$0, generalized diffeomorphisms, and doubled local Lorentz symmetry

$\{a,n\}$1

The preons and axino are assigned to the two spin groups, but the paper does not derive supersymmetry from DFT; it treats DFT as a compatible stringy reformulation (Raitio, 2022).

A related 6D little-string-theory program is more explicit about the layered structure. It places chernons in chiral and vector supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry at the preon level, while tensor and graviton sectors enter through the 6D $\{a,n\}$2 supergravity and holographic reduction used to motivate the UV framework. In that scheme, global SUSY organizes the preonic matter sector, whereas local SUSY belongs to the later gravitational extension (Raitio, 2023).

The most ambitious synthesis links global supersymmetry of preons, Hartle–Hawking no-boundary cosmology, and Chern–Simons quantum gravity. There the preonic layer is treated as topological, preon–antipreon pairs are created near the no-boundary “South Pole,” and unbroken supersymmetry together with Chern–Simons structure is proposed as a common organizing principle. Yet the same work states that realistic SUSY breaking, Higgs dynamics, and the full weak sector remain unfinished (Raitio, 10 Jul 2025).

A recurrent point of contention is therefore not whether global preonic SUSY can be postulated, but whether it can be embedded in a complete microscopic dynamics. Across topological, DFT, and little-string variants, the subject is better described as a family of related programs than as a single settled theory. This suggests that “global supersymmetry of preons” currently functions mainly as a constituent-level organizing principle: it pairs bosonic and fermionic preons, structures composite spectra, and motivates hidden or confinement-destroyed supersymmetry, but only rarely appears as a fully explicit globally supersymmetric field theory of preons.