Volumetric Ultrasound via 3D Null Subtraction Imaging with Circular and Spiral Apertures

Abstract: Volumetric ultrasound imaging faces a fundamental trade-off among image quality, frame rate, and hardware complexity. This study introduces three-dimensional Null Subtraction Imaging (3D NSI), a nonlinear beamforming framework that addresses this trade-off by combining computationally efficient null-subtraction process with multiplexing-aware sparse aperture designs on matrix arrays. We evaluate three apodization configurations: a fully addressed circular aperture and two Fermat's spiral sparse apertures. To overcome channel-sharing constraints common in matrix arrays multiplexed with low-channel-count ultrasound systems, we propose a spiral "no-reuse" apodization that enforces non-overlapping element sets across transmit-receive events. This design resolves multiplexing conflicts and enables up to a 16-fold increase in acquisition volume rate using only 240 active elements on a 1024-element probe. In computer simulations and tissue-mimicking phantom experiments, 3D NSI achieved an average improvement of 36% in azimuthal and elevational resolutions, along with an approximately 20% higher contrast ratio, compared to the conventional Delay-and-Sum (DAS) beamformer under matched transmit/receive configurations. When implemented with the spiral no-reuse aperture, the 3D NSI framework achieved over 1000 volumes per second with a computational load less than three times that of DAS, making it a practical solution for real-time 4D imaging.