Necessary and Sufficient Characterization of Absolutely Continuous functions defined over unbounded intervals (2510.20843v1)

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate and find a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be absolutely continuous over $\mathbb{R}$ (denoted by $AC(\mathbb{R})$) or any unbounded interval in $\mathbb{R}$ . Note that the Lebesgue's Fundamental theorem of Calculus gives us a necessary and sufficient condition\cite{book:B} for a function defined over a closed interval [a,b] to be absolutely continuous ,and the condition is that the derivative of the function should be in $L^1_{loc}([a,b])$. However, we don't have any such sufficient condition on the derivative of a function that is absolutely continuous over unbounded intervals. One necessary condition is that the function must be locally absolutely continuous (denoted by $AC_{loc}(\mathbb{R})$), but it may not be globally absolutely continuous despite being locally absolutely continuous(we give an explicit example of this). \ The theorem 1 in this paper gives us a necessary and sufficient condition for a function belonging in $AC_{loc}(\mathbb{R})$ to belong in $AC(\mathbb{R})$ in terms of its derivative and identifies the space to which the derivative of an $AC(\mathbb{R})$ function must belong to as $L^1_{G}(\mathbb{R})$ (a strict subspace of $L^1(\mathbb{R})$). \ Moreover, we define a new space of functions called $L^1_{H}(\mathbb{R})$, and in theorem 2 we show that $L^1_G \subset L^1_H$, which helps us to find an easier criteria to check whether a function belonging to $AC_{loc}(\mathbb{R})$, belongs to $AC(\mathbb{R})$ or not. \ Finally, we provide a Venn diagram to explicitly show the relation of the newly defined spaces $L^1_{G}(\mathbb{R})$ and $L^1_{H}(\mathbb{R})$ with respect to the spaces $L^1_{loc}(\mathbb{R})$, $L^1(\mathbb{R})$ and $L^\infty(\mathbb{R})$.