Nontrivial local observables and impermeable and permeable boundary conditions for 1D KFGM particles (2507.17225v1)

Abstract: Real solutions of the 1D Klein-Fock-Gordon (KFG) equation automatically cancel out the usual two-vector current density; consequently, the respective continuity equation is trivially satisfied, and a globally conserved quantity cannot be obtained. The latter is a well-known result in relativistic quantum mechanics. Additionally, distinguishing between impermeable and permeable boundary conditions (BCs) at a point is not possible; for the latter type of BC, the pertinent current density cannot be zero at that point. We solve these first-quantized conflicts in detail by using a particular nontrivial local observable -- an energy current density -- that allows us to characterize a strictly neutral 1D KFG particle, i.e., a 1D KFG-Majorana (KFGM) particle, when it is confined to an interval and when it is, say, in an interval with transparent walls. All the BCs for this system are extracted from the pseudo self-adjointness of the Feshbach-Villars (FV) Hamiltonian plus two Majorana conditions. We also show that this energy current density and a nontrivial energy density satisfy a continuity equation when the Lorentz scalar interaction present in the 1D KFG equations is time independent; in addition, they always lead to a conserved quantity. Moreover, this energy current density can characterize all available confining and nonconfining BCs. In contrast, the commonly used energy current density -- a component of the energy-momentum tensor of the system -- cannot do so for all the BCs. Additionally, this latter quantity and its respective energy density -- another component of the energy-momentum tensor -- do not necessarily lead to a conserved quantity. Our results dramatically highlight the important role played by the BCs when they are imposed on a system in which particles occupy a finite region.