A Wideband Holographic Array with Azimuth and Elevation Beam Steering for 5G/6G Applications

Abstract: This paper presents the design and fabrication of leaky-wave holograms with anisotropic properties, enabling circular polarization for single-beam radiation in desired directions. Tailored for future terrestrial networks like 5G, 6G, and beyond, the proposed antenna achieves high-gain performance with beam steering in elevation and azimuth over a wide angular range. A planar reflector enhances directivity by suppressing backward modes, while a simple feeding network ensures optimal impedance matching. The antenna operates efficiently from 16 GHz to 20 GHz (22.22% bandwidth), delivering a gain of 24.5 dB, with compact dimensions of 15 cm by 17 cm. The structure includes a reflector, monopoles, a patterned patch, a Rogers 4003C substrate, a ground plane, and a coaxial feed. Simulations, experiments, and theoretical analyses confirm the design's efficacy, showcasing 2D scanning capabilities ideal for autonomous vehicle localization systems. Its simple, scalable design supports cost-effective mass production, offering significant potential for industrial applications.