Chypnosis: Stealthy Secret Extraction using Undervolting-based Static Side-channel Attacks (2504.11633v2)

Abstract: There is a growing class of static physical side-channel attacks that allow adversaries to extract secrets by probing the persistent state of a circuit. Techniques such as laser logic state imaging (LLSI), impedance analysis (IA), and static power analysis fall into this category. These attacks require that the targeted data remain constant for a specific duration, which often necessitates halting the circuit's clock. Some methods additionally rely on modulating the chip's supply voltage to probe the circuit. However, tampering with the clock or voltage is typically assumed to be detectable, as secure chips often deploy sensors that erase sensitive data upon detecting such anomalies. Furthermore, many secure devices use internal clock sources, making external clock control infeasible. In this work, we introduce a novel class of static side-channel attacks, called Chypnosis, that enables adversaries to freeze a chip's internal clock by inducing a hibernation state via rapid undervolting, and then extracting secrets using static side-channels. We demonstrate that, by rapidly dropping a chip's voltage below the standard nominal levels, the attacker can bypass the clock and voltage sensors and put the chip in a so-called brownout condition, in which the chip's transistors stop switching, but volatile memories (e.g., Flip-flops and SRAMs) still retain their data. We test our attack on AMD FPGAs by putting them into hibernation. We show that not only are all clock sources deactivated, but various clock and voltage sensors also fail to detect the tamper event. Afterward, we present the successful recovery of secret bits from a hibernated chip using two static attacks, namely, LLSI and IA. Finally, we discuss potential countermeasures which could be integrated into future designs.