Numerical instability of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian evolutions

Abstract: The extreme sensitivity of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians exhibiting the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE) has been extensively studied in recent years with well-established theoretical explanations. However, this sensitivity is often overlooked in numerical simulations, leading to unreliable results. In this work, we reexamine Hatano-Nelson and symplectic Hatano-Nelson models studied in previous work [Kawabata \textit{et al}., Phys. Rev. X 13, 021007 (2023)], and compare their results with our high-precision calculations. We systematically investigate inaccuracies in physical results arising from numerical instability during diagonalization and non-Hermitian Hamiltonian evolution. We find that these instabilities arise from a large condition number that scales exponentially with system size due to the NHSE, signaling strong non-normality. Strikingly, a reliable spectrum alone is shown to be insufficient for accurate non-Hermitian evolution, while the reliability of wave functions plays a more critical role. Our findings underscore the necessity of evaluating the condition number to ensure the validity of numerical studies on systems with NHSE, implying that some prior numerical findings in this area may require careful reexamination.