Eigenvectors in terms of reduced complements of minor determinants

Abstract: Eigenvectors associated with non-degenerate eigenvalues are shown to correspond to columns of the adjugate of the characteristic matrix. Degenerate eigenvalues are associated with eigenvectors that correspond to reduced complement tensors of minor determinants of the characteristic matrix. These observations are corroborated by a description of the non-degenerate two-level system and the Dirac equation, which exhibits twofold spin degeneracy of energy eigenvalues. Trace identities for the reduced order-one complement tensor and the diagonal sum of minor determinants are also presented.