A robust approach for time-bin encoded photonic quantum information protocols

Abstract: Quantum states encoded in the time-bin degree of freedom of photons represent a fundamental resource for quantum information protocols. Traditional methods for generating and measuring time-bin encoded quantum states face severe challenges due to optical instabilities, complex setups, and timing resolution requirements. Here, we leverage a robust approach based on Hong-Ou-Mandel interference that allows us to circumvent these issues. First, we perform high-fidelity quantum state tomographies of time-bin qubits with a short temporal separation. Then, we certify intrasystem polarization-time entanglement of single photons through a nonclassicality test. Finally, we propose a robust and scalable protocol to generate and measure high-dimensional time-bin quantum states in a single spatial mode. The protocol promises to enable access to high-dimensional states and tasks that are practically inaccessible with standard schemes, thereby advancing fundamental quantum information science and opening applications in quantum communication.