The number of automorphic representations of $\mathrm{GL}_2$ with exceptional eigenvalues

Abstract: We obtain an upper bound for the dimension of the cuspidal automorphic forms for $\mathrm{GL}2$ over a number field, whose archimedean local representations are not tempered. More precisely, we prove the following result. Let $F$ be a number field and $\mathbb{A}{F}$ be the ring of adeles of $F$. Let $\mathcal{O}{F}$ be the ring of integers of $F$. Let $\mathfrak{X}{F,\mathrm{ex}}$ be the set of irreducible cuspidal automorphic representations $\pi$ of $\mathrm{GL}2(\mathbb{A}{F})$ with the trivial central character such that for each archimedean place $v$ of $F$, the local representation of $\pi$ at $v$ is an unramified principal series and is not tempered. For an ideal $J$ of $\mathcal{O}{F}$, let $\mathrm{K}{0}(J)$ be the subgroup of $\mathrm{GL}2(\mathbb{A}{F})$ corresponding to $\Gamma_0(J) \subset \mathrm{SL}2(\mathcal{O}_F)$. Let $r_1$ be the number of real embeddings of $F$ and $r_2$ be the number of conjugate pairs of complex embeddings of $F$. Using the Arthur-Selberg trace formula, we have \begin{equation*} \sum{\pi\in \mathfrak{X}{F,\mathrm{ex}}} \dim \pi^{\mathrm{K}_0(J)} \ll{F} \frac{[\mathrm{SL}2(\mathcal{O}{F}) : \Gamma_0(J)]}{(\log (N_{F/\mathbb{Q}}(J)))^{2r_1+3r_2}} \quad \text{ as } \quad |N_{F/\mathbb{Q}}(J)|\to \infty. \end{equation*} From this result, we obtain the result on an upper bound for the number of Hecke-Maass cusp forms of weight $0$ on $\Gamma_0(N)$ which do not satisfy the Selberg eigenvalue conjecture.