Finnish primary school students' conceptions of machine learning

Abstract: Objective This study investigates what kind of conceptions primary school students have about ML if they are not conceptually "primed" with the idea that in ML, humans teach computers. Method Qualitative survey responses from 197 Finnish primary schoolers were analyzed via an abductive method. Findings We identified three partly overlapping ML conception categories, starting from the most accurate one: ML is about teaching machines (34%), ML is about coding (7.6%), and ML is about learning via or about machines (37.1%). Implications The findings suggest that without conceptual clues, children's conceptions of ML are varied and may include misconceptions such as ML is about learning via or about machines. The findings underline the importance of clear and systematic use of key concepts in computer science education. Besides researchers, this study offers insights for teachers, teacher educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers. Method Qualitative survey responses from 197 Finnish primary schoolers were analyzed via an abductive method. Findings We identified three partly overlapping ML conception categories, starting from the most accurate one: ML is about teaching machines (34%), ML is about coding (7.6%), and ML is about learning via or about machines (37.1%). Implications The findings suggest that without conceptual clues, children's conceptions of ML are varied and may include misconceptions such as ML is about learning via or about machines. The findings underline the importance of clear and systematic use of key concepts in computer science education. Besides researchers, this study offers insights for teachers, teacher educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers.