What can we learn from the dynamics of the Covid-19 epidemic ?

Abstract: We investigate the mechanisms behind the quasi-periodic outbursts on the Covid-19 epidemics. Data for France and Germany show that the patterns of outbursts exhibit a qualitative change in early 2022, which appears in a change in their average period, and which is confirmed by time-frequency analysis. This provides a signal which can be used to discriminate among several mechanisms. Two main ideas have been proposed to explain periodicity in epidemics. One involves memory effects and another considers exchanges between epidemic clusters and a reservoir of population. We test these two approaches in the particular case of the Covid-19 epidemics and show that the "cluster model" is the only one which appears to be able to explain the observed pattern with realistic parameters. A last section discusses our results in the context of early studies of epidemics, and we stress the importance to work with models with a limited number of parameters, which moreover can be sufficiently well estimated, to draw conclusions on the general mechanisms behind the observations.