Has the chemical contribution a secondary role in SERS?

Abstract: It is an established understanding that the electromagnetic contribution (the plasmon-mediated enhancement of the laser and scattered local electromagnetic fields) is the main actor in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), with the so-called chemical (molecule-related) contribution assuming only, if any, a supporting role. The conclusion of our comprehensive resonant study of a broad range of nanosphere lithography based metallic substrates, with covalently attached 4-mercaptobenzoic acid monolayers used as probe (molecules non-resonant in solution), is that this accepted understanding needs to be revised. We present a detailed resonant SERS study of Metal-film over nanosphere (MFON) substrates done both by scanning the laser wavelength, and by tuning the plasmon response through the nanosphere diameter. Far and local field properties are characterized through measures of optical reflectivity and SERS efficiency, respectively, and are supported by numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the SERS efficiency depends indeed on the electromagnetic mechanism, determined by the plasmonic response of the system, but we observe that it is also strongly defined by a chemical resonant contribution related to a metal-to-ligand electronic transition of the covalently bound probe molecule. Optimum amplification occurs when the plasmon modes intersect with the ligand-to-metal chemical resonance, contributing synergically both mechanisms together. The same general trend is observed for other nanosphere lithography based substrates, including sphere-segment void cavities and hexagonally ordered triangular nanoparticles, using both Ag or Au as the plasmonic metal, and also with a commercial substrate (Klarite). We conclude that a deep understanding of both the electromagnetic and chemical mechanisms is necessary to fully exploit these substrates for analytical applications.