Non-local linear response in anomalous transport

Abstract: Anomalous heat transport observed in low dimensional classical systems is associated to super-diffusive spreading of space-time correlation of the conserved fields in the system. This leads to non-local linear response relation between the heat current and the local temperature gradient in non-equilibrium steady state. This relation provides a generalisation of Fourier's law of heat transfer and is characterised by a non-local kernel operator which is related to fractional operators describing super-diffusion. The kernel is essentially proportional, in appropriate hydrodynamic scaling limit, to the time integral of the space-time correlations of local currents in equilibrium. In finite size systems, the time integral of correlation of microscopic currents at different locations over infinite duration is independent of the locations. On the other hand the kernel operator is space-dependent. We demonstrate that the resolution of this apparent puzzle appears through taking appropriate combination of limits of large system size and large integration time duration. Our study shows the importance of taking the limits in proper way even for (open) systems connected to reservoirs. In particular we reveal how to extract the kernel operator from simulation data of microscopic current-current correlation. For two model systems exhibiting anomalous transport, we provide direct and detailed numerical verification of the kernel operators.