Universal Deformation of a Curve and a Differential

Abstract: We construct a universal local deformation (Kuranishi family) for pairs consisting of a compact complex curve and a meromorphic 1-form. Each pair is assumed to be locally planar, a condition which in particular forces the periods of the meromorphic differential to be preserved by local deformations. The hyperelliptic case yields a universal local deformation for the spectral data of integrable systems such as simply-periodic solutions of the KdV equation or of the sinh-Gordon equation (cylinders of constant mean curvature). This is the first of two papers in which we shall develop a deformation theory of the spectral curve data of an integrable system.