Economic Viability and Infrastructure Requirements for the Electrification of Highway Traffic

Abstract: Battery electric vehicles are rapidly entering the market. Their success offers great opportunities for the decarbonization of the transport sector, but also pose new challenges to energy infrastructures. Public charging stations must be built and power grids may become congested. In this article, we analyze the optimal layout and operation of charging systems along highways using a high-resolution optimization model. We discuss the economic viability and identify potential roadblocks impeding a rapid build-up of electric mobility. We find that congestion of regional distribution grids becomes a serious issue already for a moderate market penetration of electric vehicles. While peak loads can be handled by battery electric storage systems, the grid connection fundamentally limits the total amount of cars that can be served per day. Our results further highlight the interdependency of different sectors and the importance of regional infrastructures during the transformation to a sustainable energy system. Given the long time period needed for the planning and realization of infrastructure measures, rapid decisions are imperative.