Explicit form of the Bayesian posterior estimate of a quantum state under the uninformative prior (1403.5158v1)

Abstract: An analytical solution for the posterior estimate in Bayesian tomography of the unknown quantum state of an arbitrary quantum system (with a finite-dimensional Hilbert space) is found. First, we derive the Bayesian estimate for a pure quantum state measured by a set of arbitrary rank-1 POVMs under the uninformative (i.e. the unitary invariant or Haar) prior. The expression for the estimate involves the matrix permanents of the Gram matrices with repeated rows and columns, with the matrix elements being the scalar products of vectors giving the measurement outcomes. Second, an unknown mixed state is treated by the Hilbert-Schmidt purification. In this case, under the uninformative prior for the combined pure state, the posterior estimate of the mixed state of the system is expressed through the matrix $\alpha$-permanents of the Gram matrices of scalar products of vectors giving the measurement outcomes. In the mixed case, there is also a free integer parameter -- the Schmidt number -- which can be used to optimise the Bayesian reconstruction (for instance, in case of Schimdt number being equal to 1, the mixed state estimates reduces to the pure state estimate). We also discuss the perspectives of approximate numerical computation and asymptotic analytical evaluation of the Bayesian estimate using the derived formula.