Equilibria with a nontrivial nodal set and the dynamics of parabolic equations on symmetric domains

Abstract: We consider the Dirichlet problem u_t &= \Delta u + f(x, u, \nabla u)+ h(x, t),& \qquad &(x, t) \in \Omega \times (0, \infty), u &= 0, & \qquad &(x, t) \in \partial\Omega \times (0, \infty), on a bounded domain $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^N$. The domain and the nonlinearity $f$ are assumed to be invariant under the reflection about the $x_1$-axis, and the function $h$ accounts for a nonsymmetric decaying perturbation: $h(\cdot, t)\to 0$ as $t\to\infty$. In one of our main theorems, we prove the asymptotic symmetry of each bounded positive solution $u$. The novelty of this result is that the asymptotic symmetry is established even for solutions that are not assumed uniformly positive. In particular, some equilibria of the limit time-autonomous problem (the problem with $h\equiv 0$) with a nontrivial nodal set may occur in the $\omega$-limit set of $u$ and this prevents one from applying common techniques based on the method of moving hyperplanes. The goal of our second main theorem is to classify the positive entire solutions of the time-autonomous problem. We prove that if $U$ is a positive entire solution, then one of the following applies: (i) for each $t\in \mathbb{R}$, $U(\cdot,t)$ is even in $x_1$ and decreasing in $x_1>0$, (ii) $U$ is an equilibrium, (iii) $U$ is a connecting orbit from an equilibrium with a nontrivial nodal set to a set consisting of functions which are even in $x_1$ and decreasing in $x_1>0$, (iv) is a heteroclinic connecting orbit between two equilibria with a nontrivial nodal set.