Origin of fermion charges and spins

Determine how fermion electric charges and intrinsic spins originate and ascertain whether these origins are static or dynamic within or beyond the Standard Model, in light of observed regularities in fermionic quantum numbers and suggested quark–lepton links.

Background

In motivating searches for baryon-number–violating processes such as neutron–antineutron oscillations, the text highlights broader gaps in our understanding of fermionic properties. Despite the Standard Model’s precise description of interactions, it does not explain how fermion charges and spins arise. The passage explicitly states this fundamental uncertainty to frame the broader physics context for NNBAR.

Clarifying the origin and nature (static versus dynamic) of fermion charges and spins would inform theories of unification and might connect with mechanisms responsible for observed quantum number structures, including the absence of neutral colored fermions and relations between quark and lepton charges.