Is the Sun an ordinary G-type main-sequence star?

Determine whether the Sun is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star, in the sense of belonging to the typical population of G-type stars rather than being atypical in its magnetic activity and flare behavior.

Background

The paper reassesses flare and spot activity of Sun-like Kepler stars to enable more robust comparisons between the current Sun and Sun-like stars. Prior surveys (Kepler, TESS) have indicated that Sun-like stars often exhibit stronger flare activity than the Sun, raising doubts about whether the Sun is typical among G-type stars.

By refining criteria (including faculae/spot dominance via the gradient of the power spectra method) and focusing on stars comparable in mass, radius, and rotation period, the authors aim to improve the basis for this comparison. The broader motivation is to clarify the Sun’s place among solar-type stars and understand implications for stellar activity and exoplanet environments.