Existence of a power difference set with index four satisfying the square condition

Determine whether any power difference set with \(\ell=4\) exists for a prime power \(q\) satisfying \(\ell(k-\lambda)=q-k\) equal to a perfect square.

Background

Theorem 4.13 establishes that if a power difference set has ℓ(k−λ)=q−k\ell(k-\lambda)=q-k a perfect square, then either ℓ\ell is divisible by $4$, or ℓ\ell is a sum of two odd squares. The paper gives examples for ℓ=2\ell=2 and ℓ=8\ell=8.

Although the theorem’s condition is satisfied in examples with ℓ=2\ell=2 and ℓ=8\ell=8, the paper states that no example is known for ℓ=4\ell=4, leaving this existence question unresolved.

References

However, it is currently unknown whether any example exists with $\ell = 4$.

— Cyclotomic Matrices and Power Difference Sets  (2511.13613 - Sun, 17 Nov 2025) in Section 4, subsection “Cyclotomic matrix to a power difference set,” following Theorem 4.13