\ell^p boundedness for the discrete spherical maximal operator over odd radii

Determine whether the discrete spherical maximal operator on \(\mathbb Z^d\), with the supremum restricted to odd squared radii \(n\), is bounded on \(\ell^p(\mathbb Z^d)\) for the relevant exponents and dimensions.

Background

For dimensions d≥5d\geq5, the unrestricted discrete spherical maximal operator is known to be bounded on ℓp\ell^p exactly when p>d/(d−2)p>d/(d-2). In dimension four, irregularities in the number of representations as sums of four squares cause the unrestricted maximal operator to be unbounded for every finite pp.

The paper identifies the odd-radius restriction in this dimension-four setting as a major unresolved problem. The quoted passage does not assert a resolution of the odd-radius problem.

References

If one restricts the supremum to odd n's, then the \ellp boundedness of the corresponding maximal operator is one of the major open problems in this field.

— Dimension-free estimates for full discrete maximal functions associated with Euclidean balls and spheres  (2609.10763 - Hormozi et al., 9 Sep 2026) in Section 1, A brief history, subsection Discrete spheres and Theorem~\ref{thm:main:sphere}