Dice Question Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Existence of a classical (non-computer-assisted) proof of the Four Color Theorem

Construct a purely classical, human-checkable proof of the Four Color Theorem that does not rely on computer assistance.

Information Square Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Background

The Four Color Theorem inaugurated computer-assisted graph theory, with subsequent shorter and formally verified proofs. Nonetheless, the absence of a traditional, non-computational proof persists as a meta-level open challenge, underscoring foundational questions about proof verification and methodology.

References

However, to this day there is still no classical mathematical human-made proof of the Four Color Theorem.

Computer-assisted graph theory: a survey (2508.20825 - Jooken, 28 Aug 2025) in Section 1 (Introduction), discussion of the Four Color Theorem