Characteristic polynomials of $\{\pm 1\}$-matrices modulo a power of $2$ (2511.08333v1)

Abstract: For a fixed integer $e \geqslant 3$ and $n$ large enough, we show that the number of congruence classes modulo $2^e$ of characteristic polynomials of $n \times n$ symmetric ${\pm 1}$-matrices with constant diagonal is equal to $2^{\binom{e-2}{2}}$ if $n$ is even or $2^{\binom{e-2}{2}+1}$ if $n$ is odd, thereby solving a conjecture of Greaves and Yatsyna from 2019. We also show that, for $n$ large enough, the number of congruence classes modulo $2^e$ of characteristic polynomials of $n \times n$ skew-symmetric ${\pm 1}$-matrices with constant diagonal is equal to $2^{\lfloor \frac{e-1}{2} \rfloor\lfloor \frac{e-2}{2} \rfloor}$ if $n$ is even or $2^{\lfloor \frac{e-2}{2} \rfloor\lfloor \frac{e-3}{2} \rfloor}$ if $n$ is odd. We introduce the concept of a lift graph/tournament, which serves as our main tool. We also introduce the notion of the walk polynomial of a graph, which enables us to show the existence of the requisite lift tournaments.