Event horizon gluing and black hole formation in vacuum: the very slowly rotating case

Abstract: In this paper, we initiate the study of characteristic event horizon gluing in vacuum. More precisely, we prove that Minkowski space can be glued along a null hypersurface to any round symmetry sphere in a Schwarzschild black hole spacetime as a $C^2$ solution of the Einstein vacuum equations. The method of proof is fundamentally nonperturbative and is closely related to our previous work in spherical symmetry [KU22] and Christodoulou's short pulse method [Chr09]. We also make essential use of the perturbative characteristic gluing results of Aretakis-Czimek-Rodnianski [ACR21a; CR22]. As an immediate corollary of our methods, we obtain characteristic gluing of Minkowski space to the event horizon of very slowly rotating Kerr with prescribed mass $M$ and specific angular momentum $a$. Using our characteristic gluing results, we construct examples of vacuum gravitational collapse to very slowly rotating Kerr black holes in finite advanced time with prescribed $M$ and $0\le |a|\ll M$. Our construction also yields the first example of a spacelike singularity arising from one-ended, asymptotically flat gravitational collapse in vacuum.