2D energy-momentum tensor distributions of nucleon in a large-$N_c$ quark model from ultra-relativistic to non-relativistic limit

Abstract: Form factors of the energy-momentum tensor (EMT) can be interpreted in certain frames in terms of spatial distributions of energy, stress, linear and angular momentum, based on 2D or 3D Fourier transforms. This interpretation is in general subject to "relativistic recoil corrections", except when the nucleon moves at the speed of light like e.g. in the infinite-momentum frame. We show that it is possible to formulate a large-$N_c$ limit in which the probabilistic interpretation of the nucleon EMT distributions holds also in other frames. We use the bag model formulated in the large-$N_c$ limit as an internally consistent quark model framework to visualize the information content associated with the 2D EMT distributions. In order to provide more intuition, we present results in the physical situation and in three different limits: by considering a heavy-quark limit, a large system-size limit and a constituent-quark limit. The visualizations of the distributions in these extreme limits will help to interpret the results from experiments, lattice QCD, and other models or effective theories.