Sub-Riemannian geometry on some step-two Carnot groups

Abstract: This paper is a continuation of the previous work of the first author. We characterize a class of step-two groups introduced in \cite{Li19}, saying GM-groups, via some basic sub-Riemannian geometric properties, including the squared Carnot-Carath\'{e}odory distance, the cut locus, the classical cut locus, the optimal synthesis, etc. Also, the shortest abnormal set can be exhibited easily in such situation. Some examples of such groups are step-two groups of corank $2$, of Kolmogorov type, or those associated to quadratic CR manifolds. As a byproduct, the main goal in \cite{BBG12} is achieved from the setting of step-two groups of corank $2$ to all possible step-two groups, via a completely different method. A partial answer to the open questions \cite[(29)-(30)]{BR19} is provided in this paper as well. Moreover, we provide a entirely different proof, based yet on \cite{Li19}, for the Gaveau-Brockett optimal control problem on the free step-two Carnot group with three generators. As a byproduct, we provide a new and independent proof for the main results obtained in \cite{MM17}, namely, the exact expression of $d(g)^2$ for $g$ belonging to the classical cut locus of the identity element $o$, as well as the determination of all shortest geodesics joining $o$ to such $g$.