$O_n$ is an $n$-MCFL

Abstract: Commutative properties in formal languages pose problems at the frontier of computer science, computational linguistics and computational group theory. A prominent problem of this kind is the position of the language $O_n$, the language that contains the same number of letters $a_i$ and $\bar a_i$ with $1\leq i\leq n$, in the known classes of formal languages. It has recently been shown that $O_n$ is a Multiple Context-Free Language (MCFL). However the more precise conjecture of Nederhof that $O_n$ is an MCFL of dimension $n$ was left open. We present two proofs of this conjecture, both relying on tools from algebraic topology. On our way, we prove a variant of the necklace splitting theorem.