XR-Ed Framework: Designing Instruction-driven andLearner-centered Extended Reality Systems for Education

Abstract: Recently, the HCI community has seen an increased interest in applying Virtual Reality (VR), AugmentedReality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) into educational settings. Despite many literature reviews, there stilllacks a clear framework that reveals the different design dimensions in educational Extended Reality (XR)systems. Addressing this gap, we synthesize a broad range of educational XR to propose the XR-Ed framework,which reveals design space in six dimensions (Physical Accessibility, Scenario, Social Interactivity, Agency,Virtuality Degree, Assessment). Within each dimension, we contextualize the framework using existing designcases. Based on the XR-Ed Design framework, we incorporated instructional design approaches to proposeXR-Ins, an instruction-oriented, step-by-step guideline in educational XR instruction design. Jointly, they aimto support practitioners by revealing implicit design choices, offering design inspirations as well as guide themto design instructional activities for XR technologies in a more instruction-oriented and learner-centered way.