A classification theorem for compact Cauchy horizons in vacuum spacetimes

Abstract: We establish a complete classification theorem for the topology and for the null generators of compact non-degenerate Cauchy horizons of time orientable smooth vacuum $3+1$-spacetimes. We show that, either: (i) all generators are closed, or (ii) only two generators are closed and any other densely fills a two-torus, or (iii) every generator densely fills a two-torus, or (iv) every generator densely fills the horizon. We then show that, respectively to (i)-(iv), the horizon's manifold is either: (i') a Seifert manifold, or (ii') a lens space, or (iii') a two-torus bundle over a circle, or, (iv') a three-torus. All the four possibilities are known to arise in examples. In the last case, (iv), (iv'), we show in addition that the spacetime is indeed flat Kasner, thus settling a problem posed by Isenberg and Moncrief for ergodic horizons. The results of this article open the door for a full parameterization of the metrics of all vacuum spacetimes with a compact Cauchy horizon. The method of proof permits direct generalizations to higher dimensions.