Electrochemical Analysis of Na$_{0.74}$Co$_{1-x}$Nb$_x$O$_2$ ($x=$ 0, 0.05) as Cathode Materials in Sodium-ion Batteries

Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received significant attention as promising alternative for energy storage applications owing to the large availability and low cost of sodium. In this paper we study the electrochemical behavior of Na${0.74}$Co${1-x}$Nb$x$O$_2$ ($x=$ 0 and 0.05 samples), synthesized via solid-state reaction. The Rietveld refinement of x-ray diffraction patterns reveals the hexagonal crystal symmetry with P63/mmc space group. The Na${0.74}$Co${0.95}$Nb${0.05}$O$2$ cathode exhibits a specific capacity of about 91 mAhg$^{-1}$ at a current density of 6 mAg$^{-1}$, whereas Na${0.74}$CoO$_2$ exhibits comparatively low specific capacity (70 mAhg$^{-1}$ at a current density of 6 mAg$^{-1}$). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to determine the diffusion coefficient of Na, which found to be in the range of 10$^{-10}$ cm$^2$s$^{-1}$.