One-out-of-two Quantum Oblivious Transfer based on Nonorthogonal States

Abstract: This study proposes a simple and efficient one-out-of-two quantum oblivious transfer (QOT) protocol based on nonorthogonal states. The nonorthogonal property grants quantum bit immunity to some operations in order to achieve the irreversible goal of discarding a message, resulting in a one-out-of-two selection effect. In addition, it can also prevent entangled cheating from an illegal agent. The resulting QOT protocol is therefore built directly on quantum resources, rather than on a two-level structure which must first create two classical keys using the quantum resources (all-or-nothing QOT), and then build the one-out-of-two protocol from there. Furthermore, the proposed protocol allows Alice to test Bob's loyalty by comparing the measurement results. Moreover, the relationship with the no-go theorem is discussed in detail; this relationship is often overlooked in other studies. The no-go theorem discussion and security analysis demonstrate that the proposed protocol does not belong to the no-go theorem constraint, and is secure against both external and internal attacks. In addition, the efficacy analysis shows that the proposed protocol is more efficient than other two-level structure protocols.