Succinct Approximate Rank Queries

Abstract: We consider the problem of summarizing a multi set of elements in ${1, 2, \ldots , n}$ under the constraint that no element appears more than $\ell$ times. The goal is then to answer \emph{rank} queries --- given $i\in{1, 2, \ldots , n}$, how many elements in the multi set are smaller than $i$? --- with an additive error of at most $\Delta$ and in constant time. For this problem, we prove a lower bound of $\mathcal B_{\ell,n,\Delta}\triangleq$ $\left\lfloor{\frac{n}{\left\lceil{\Delta / \ell}\right\rceil}}\right\rfloor $ $\log\big({\max{\left\lfloor{\ell / \Delta}\right\rfloor,1} + 1}\big)$ bits and provide a \emph{succinct} construction that uses $\mathcal B_{\ell,n,\Delta}(1+o(1))$ bits. Next, we generalize our data structure to support processing of a stream of integers in ${0,1,\ldots,\ell}$, where upon a query for some $i\le n$ we provide a $\Delta$-additive approximation for the sum of the \emph{last} $i$ elements. We show that this too can be done using $\mathcal B_{\ell,n,\Delta}(1+o(1))$ bits and in constant time. This yields the first sub linear space algorithm that computes approximate sliding window sums in $O(1)$ time, where the window size is given at the query time; additionally, it requires only $(1+o(1))$ more space than is needed for a fixed window size.