Investigating the effect of cosmic opacity on standard candles

Abstract: Standard candles can probe the evolution of dark energy in a large redshift range. But the cosmic opacity can degrade the quality of standard candles. In this paper, we use the latest observations, including type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from JLA sample and Hubble parameters, to probe the opacity of the universe. In order to avoid the cosmological dependence of SNe Ia luminosity distances, a joint fitting of the SNe Ia light-curve parameters, cosmological parameters and opacity is used. In order to explore the cosmic opacity at high redshifts, the latest gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are used. At high redshifts, cosmic reionization process is considered. We find that the sample supports an almost transparent universe for flat $\Lambda$CDM and XCDM models. Meanwhile, free electrons deplete photons from standard candles through the (inverse) Compton scattering, known as an important component of opacity. This Compton dimming may paly an important role in future supernova surveys. From analysis, we find that about a few percent cosmic opacity is caused by Compton dimming in the two models, which can be correctable.