Quantum State Smoothing

Abstract: Smoothing is an estimation method whereby a classical state (probability distribution for classical variables) at a given time is conditioned on all-time (both past and future) observations. Here we define a smoothed quantum state for a partially monitored open quantum system, conditioned on an all-time monitoring-derived record. We calculate the smoothed distribution for a hypothetical unobserved record which, when added to the real record, would complete the monitoring, yielding a pure-state "quantum trajectory". Averaging the pure state over this smoothed distribution yields the (mixed) smoothed quantum state. We study how the choice of actual unravelling affects the purity increase over that of the conventional (filtered) state conditioned only on the past record.