Omni-modal Language Models

• Omni-modal Language Models are advanced neural systems that embed diverse data types into a unified space for integrated processing.
• They employ multi-objective pretraining, including omni-modal contrastive loss and masked language modeling, to enhance cross-modal alignment and compositional reasoning.
• They fuse explicit modalities (e.g., images, audio) and implicit entities, enabling versatile applications from complex reasoning to proactive interaction.

Omni-modal LLMs (OLMs) are neural architectures designed to process, integrate, and reason over arbitrary combinations of input modalities—such as text, images, audio, and video—within a unified representation and generation framework. By extending beyond traditional LLMs, OLMs seek to achieve artificial intelligence systems with human-like capabilities for interpreting and interacting with the world’s diverse data streams, supporting tasks ranging from question answering and conversational interaction to proactive reasoning in dynamic, open-world environments.

1. The Unified Linguistic Space: Foundations and Rationale

OLMs operate by projecting each supported modality—whether explicit (images, audio, video, text) or implicit (structured entities like geographic locations, dates, organizations)—into a common latent embedding space often termed the “unified linguistic space” (Unlu et al., 2023). This design departs from siloed or pairwise multimodal systems and enables arbitrary interleaving of modalities at both input and output. A typical OLM processing pipeline may be formalized as: $$x_m \xrightarrow{E_m} v_m \xrightarrow{P_m} t_{m,1}, \ldots, t_{m,k} \in \mathcal{E}_L$$ where $x_m$ is a modality-specific input, $E_m$ an encoder, $P_m$ a projection to the LLM’s token embedding space $\mathcal{E}_L$, and the resulting tokens are jointly attended by a unified LLM.

Architectures following this paradigm—such as AnyMAL and Kosmos-I—facilitate modality-agnostic computation and allow for compositional, context-aware inference by fusing sensory and conceptual information akin to human cognitive processes (Unlu et al., 2023).

2. Pretraining Paradigms and Emergent Abilities

Recent proposals such as the MiCo (Multimodal Context) pipeline (Zhang et al., 13 Jun 2024) illustrate large-scale, scalable pretraining for OLMs. Here, all modalities are embedded as context tokens (with positional and context type embeddings) and concatenated to form a unified sequence. Models are then trained using multiple objectives:

• Omni-modal contrastive loss for cross-modal alignment,
• Feature matching loss for semantic consistency,
• Conditional masked LLMing for multimodal reasoning and generation.

Pretraining on extensive, balanced multimodal corpora—covering text, images, audio, video, time-series, tabular data, and more—enables the emergence of generalist, modality-agnostic abilities: single- and cross-modal perception (e.g., recognizing visual scenes, transcribing audio); compositional reasoning; zero-shot generalization to unseen combinations or domains; and scalability of performance with additional modalities, data, or compute (Zhang et al., 13 Jun 2024).

Model architectures frequently use ViT/CLIP-like encoders for vision, Whisper-type encoders for audio, and transformer-based text encoders/decoders, with shared or modular projection layers for modality-token alignment (Zhang et al., 13 Jun 2024, Li et al., 11 Oct 2024).

3. Integration of Explicit and Implicit Modalities

A notable conceptual advance is treating “entities” as implicit modalities. Rather than confining the OLM to explicit sensory data, semantic constructs (e.g., a city, a date, or a pharmaceutical compound) can be represented by entity embeddings derived from specialized encoders (e.g., geospatial, ontological, structural). For a generic entity type $e^*$: $$e^* \xrightarrow{E^*} t_{e,1}, \ldots, t_{e,k} \in \mathcal{E}_L$$ This approach allows:

• Efficient compression of high-dimensional or relational knowledge,
• Overcoming context window bottlenecks (by packing more semantics per token),
• Modularity and easy updates (changing the encoder or embedding updates knowledge instantly),
• Stronger structured/numerical reasoning than text-only LLMs (Unlu et al., 2023).

Examples include embedding a city with all its cartographic, demographic, and infrastructural data, or representing dates/numbers with encodings allowing for arithmetic and temporal reasoning far beyond the tokenized text’s shallow capacities.

4. Benchmarks, Performance, and Persisting Challenges

Benchmarks like OmniBench (Li et al., 23 Sep 2024), OmnixR (Chen et al., 16 Oct 2024), and OmniMMI (Wang et al., 29 Mar 2025) specifically target OLMs’ ability to concurrently process and reason over three or more types of input—text, audio, and images/video—evaluating entity recognition, causal inference, quantitative reasoning, grounding, and proactive dialog. These benchmarks emphasize:

• Integrated, simultaneous reasoning across all modalities (ablation studies show accuracy drops precipitously when only pairs of modalities are available),
• High-quality annotation pipelines ensuring multi-modal dependence for each sample.

Emerging findings highlight two profound limitations:

• Even state-of-the-art OLMs generally achieve less than 50% accuracy on complex tri-modal reasoning tasks, revealing critical gaps in cross-modal context construction and compositional inference (Li et al., 23 Sep 2024, Chen et al., 16 Oct 2024).
• Current models often rely on textual approximation (e.g., using image captions or transcripts as stand-ins), demonstrating insufficient native multi-modal fusion (Li et al., 23 Sep 2024).

5. Training Strategies and Modality Alignment

Multistage and progressive learning has emerged as a practical method for OLMs. Pipelines such as those in M2-omni (Guo et al., 26 Feb 2025), Baichuan-Omni (Li et al., 26 Jan 2025), and Ola (Liu et al., 6 Feb 2025) first align vision and language, then incrementally add video, audio, and interleaved multi-modal tasks. This progressive alignment helps mitigate catastrophic forgetting and modality interference, a phenomenon where new modality training impairs existing model competencies (Li et al., 26 Jan 2025, Liu et al., 6 Feb 2025, Zhu et al., 2 Jun 2025).

Other strategies include balanced or adaptive loss weighting for each modality during both pretraining and instruction tuning (Guo et al., 26 Feb 2025), ensuring no single modality dominates the optimization and enabling more uniform convergence.

End-to-end speech generation in models such as EMOVA (Chen et al., 26 Sep 2024), OpenOmni (Luo et al., 8 Jan 2025), and Mini-Omni (Xie et al., 29 Aug 2024) is achieved using semantic-acoustic disentangled tokenizers and joint or delayed parallel decoding, ensuring low-latency, emotion-rich, and contextually-aware speech output, tightly coupled to multi-modal understanding.

6. Model Merging, Scalability, and Current Limitations

Model merging has recently been proposed as a promising, data-free alternative for assembling OLMs from independently trained modality specialists. By merging adapters or task vectors—using methods like SVD-based denoising, low-rank approximations, or parameter-shift weighted averages—these approaches can combine expertise without retraining or data sharing (Wei et al., 26 May 2025, Zhu et al., 2 Jun 2025). Merged models have demonstrated:

• Ability to approach or slightly surpass specialist performance on multi-modal tasks,
• Strong retention of language, reasoning, and factual knowledge,
• Efficient incorporation of community-contributed adapters (e.g., via LoRA) for rapid capability expansion.

However, significant trade-offs persist. Empirical analysis (Zhu et al., 2 Jun 2025) shows that:

• Modality extension and joint “omni-modality” fine-tuning both tend to degrade core language reasoning, instruction following, and model safety,
• Model merging preserves general abilities but does not close modality-specific performance gaps,
• True knowledge sharing and compositional generalization remain elusive—jointly trained OLMs still lag N→1 specialists in each modality, and only large-scale models demonstrate robustness to catastrophic interference.

7. Future Directions and Open Problems

Key future challenges for OLM research include:

• Deep cross-modal fusion: Developing architectures and training strategies capable of integrating modalities below the surface level, rather than relying on text surrogates or shallow concatenation (Li et al., 23 Sep 2024, Chen et al., 16 Oct 2024).
• Efficient modality expansion: Creating parameter-efficient, modular, and continual learning mechanisms to add new modalities with minimal retraining and without “forgetting” previously acquired capabilities (Jiang et al., 16 Dec 2024, Zhu et al., 2 Jun 2025).
• Long-context/memory handling: Enabling models to reason over streaming, lifelong, or very long-form multi-modal data (e.g., in streaming video, multi-turn dialog, or scientific applications) (Zhong et al., 12 Dec 2024, Wang et al., 29 Mar 2025).
• Proactive, interactive cognition: Achieving real-time, always-on, and proactive interaction in open-world settings, including turn-taking, context-aware interruption, and collaborative agentic reasoning (Wang et al., 29 Mar 2025).
• Balanced and robust evaluation: Building more comprehensive, challenging, and systematically ablated benchmarks that can meaningfully distinguish cross-modal integration quality in the presence of real-world noise and partial input (Li et al., 23 Sep 2024, Chen et al., 16 Oct 2024, Wang et al., 29 Mar 2025).
• Unified, extensible frameworks: Leveraging model merging and open-source modular toolkits (e.g., OmniEvalKit (Zhang et al., 9 Dec 2024)) to support scalable, reproducible research and democratization of OLM advances.

OLMs, by unifying every meaningful data type within a single, language-aligned cognitive space, remain a central pursuit in advancing the boundaries of artificial general intelligence. Bridging the current gaps—particularly in reasoning, compositionality, modularity, and scalability—remains an active and critical area of investigation.