Solvability of the Korteweg-de Vries equation under meromorphic initial conditions by quadrature

Abstract: We study the solvability of the Korteweg-de Vries equation under meromorphic initial conditions by quadrature when the inverse scattering transform (IST) is applied. It is a key to solve the Schr\"odinger equation appearing in the Lax pair in application of the IST. We show that the Schr\"odinger equation is always integrable in the sense of differential Galois theory, i.e., solvable by quadrature, if and only if the meromporphic potential is reflectionless, under the condition that the potential is absolutely integrable on $\mathbb{R}\setminus(-R_0,R_0)$ for some $R_0>0$.This statement was previously proved to be true by the author for a limited class of potentials. We also show that the Schr\"odinger equation is not integrable in this sense for rational potentials that decay at infinity but do not satisfy the weak condition.