Language Modeling for the Future of Finance: A Quantitative Survey into Metrics, Tasks, and Data Opportunities

Abstract: Recent advances in language modeling have led to growing interest in applying NLP techniques to financial problems, enabling new approaches to analysis and decision-making. To systematically examine this trend, we review 374 NLP research papers published between 2017 and 2024 across 38 conferences and workshops, with a focused analysis of 221 papers that directly address finance-related tasks. We evaluate these papers across 11 qualitative and quantitative dimensions, identifying key trends such as the increasing use of general-purpose LLMs, steady progress in sentiment analysis and information extraction, and emerging efforts around explainability and privacy-preserving methods. We also discuss the use of evaluation metrics, highlighting the importance of domain-specific ones to complement standard machine learning metrics. Our findings emphasize the need for more accessible, adaptive datasets and highlight the significance of incorporating financial crisis periods to strengthen model robustness under real-world conditions. This survey provides a structured overview of NLP research applied to finance and offers practical insights for researchers and practitioners working at this intersection.