Phylogenetic invariants: straightforward from the general Markov to equivariant models (2310.18053v4)

Abstract: In the last decade, some algebraic tools have been successfully applied to phylogenetic reconstruction. These tools are mainly based on the knowledge of equations describing algebraic varieties associated to phylogenetic trees evolving under Markov processes of molecular substitution, the so called phylogenetic invariants. Although the theory involved allows to explicitly obtain these equations for all equivariant models (which include some of the most popular nucleotide substitution models), practical uses of these algebraic tools have been restricted to the case of the general Markov model. Arguably, one of the reasons for this restriction is that knowledge of linear representation theory is required before making these equations explicit. With the aim of enlarging the practical uses of algebraic phylogenetics, in this paper we prove that phylogenetic invariants for trees evolving under equivariant models can be derived from phylogenetic invariants for the general Markov model, without the need of representation theory. Our main result states that the algebraic variety corresponding to a phylogenetic tree evolving under an equivariant model is an irreducible component of the variety corresponding to the same tree under the general Markov model cut with the linear space defined by the model. We also prove that, for any equivariant model, those phylogenetic invariants that are relevant for practical uses (e.g. tree reconstruction) can be simply deduced from a single rank constraint on the matrices obtained by flattening the joint distribution at the leaves of the tree. This condition can be easily tested from singular values of the matrices and extends our results from trees to phylogenetic networks.