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Search for Non-Tensorial Gravitational-Wave Backgrounds in the NANOGrav 15-Year Data Set (2310.11238v3)

Published 17 Oct 2023 in astro-ph.CO, gr-qc, hep-ph, and hep-th

Abstract: The recent detection of a stochastic signal in the NANOGrav 15-year data set has aroused great interest in uncovering its origin. However, the evidence for the Hellings-Downs correlations, a key signature of the gravitational-wave background (GWB) predicted by general relativity, remains inconclusive. In this letter, we search for an isotropic non-tensorial GWB, allowed by general metric theories of gravity, in the NANOGrav 15-year data set. Our analysis reveals a Bayes factor of approximately 2.5, comparing the quadrupolar (tensor transverse, TT) correlations to the scalar transverse (ST) correlations, suggesting that the ST correlations provide a comparable explanation for the observed stochastic signal in the NANOGrav data. We obtain the median and the $90\%$ equal-tail amplitudes as $\mathcal{A}\mathrm{ST} = 7.8{+5.1}{-3.5} \times 10{-15}$ at the frequency of 1/year. Furthermore, we find that the vector longitudinal (VL) and scalar longitudinal (SL) correlations are weakly and strongly disfavoured by data, respectively, yielding upper limits on the amplitudes: $\mathcal{A}\mathrm{VL}{95\%} \lesssim 1.7 \times 10{-15}$ and $\mathcal{A}\mathrm{SL}{95\%} \lesssim 7.4 \times 10{-17}$. Lastly, we fit the NANOGrav data with the general transverse (GT) correlations parameterized by a free parameter $\alpha$. Our analysis yields $\alpha=1.74{+1.18}_{-1.41}$, thus excluding both the TT ($\alpha=3$) and ST ($\alpha=0$) models at the $90\%$ confidence level.

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