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Object Relational Graph with Teacher-Recommended Learning for Video Captioning (2002.11566v1)

Published 26 Feb 2020 in cs.CV and cs.CL

Abstract: Taking full advantage of the information from both vision and language is critical for the video captioning task. Existing models lack adequate visual representation due to the neglect of interaction between object, and sufficient training for content-related words due to long-tailed problems. In this paper, we propose a complete video captioning system including both a novel model and an effective training strategy. Specifically, we propose an object relational graph (ORG) based encoder, which captures more detailed interaction features to enrich visual representation. Meanwhile, we design a teacher-recommended learning (TRL) method to make full use of the successful external LLM (ELM) to integrate the abundant linguistic knowledge into the caption model. The ELM generates more semantically similar word proposals which extend the ground-truth words used for training to deal with the long-tailed problem. Experimental evaluations on three benchmarks: MSVD, MSR-VTT and VATEX show the proposed ORG-TRL system achieves state-of-the-art performance. Extensive ablation studies and visualizations illustrate the effectiveness of our system.

Citations (260)

Summary

  • The paper proposes a novel method integrating an object relational graph encoder using GCNs to capture detailed temporal-spatial object relationships.
  • It introduces teacher-recommended learning that leverages an external language model to generate soft targets, improving generalization and addressing long-tailed word distributions.
  • Empirical evaluations on benchmarks like MSVD and MSR-VTT demonstrate significant improvements in key metrics such as CIDEr and BLEU-4 for video captioning.

Analysis of "Object Relational Graph with Teacher-Recommended Learning for Video Captioning"

The paper presents a comprehensive approach to video captioning, introducing a dual-faceted methodology that leverages both improved visual representation techniques and an innovative learning strategy. The authors propose an Object Relational Graph (ORG) based encoder alongside a Teacher-Recommended Learning (TRL) method to advance automatic natural language descriptions from video data.

Components and Contributions of the Proposed System

The primary innovation lies in the integration of the ORG-based encoder. This encoder employs graph convolutional networks (GCNs) to construct a temporal-spatial graph that elucidates relationships between objects within and across frames. The ORG enhances object feature representations beyond prior models that predominantly relied on independent spatial and temporal attention mechanisms. Two specific graph configurations are explored: Partial Object Relational Graph (P-ORG) and Complete Object Relational Graph (C-ORG), where C-ORG demonstrates superior result efficacy due to its comprehensive relational framework.

Parallel to advancing object feature representation, TRL contributes a novel layer of linguistic knowledge integration. This method capitalizes on an external LLM (ELM) to produce supplementary linguistic "soft targets," addressing the long-tailed distribution of content-specific words that plague video captioning corpora. Unlike traditional teacher-enforced learning (TEL), which relies solely on hard-target ground-truth words, TRL uses semantic proximity from the ELM to propose additional relevant terminology, demonstrated to effectively enhance model generalization and mitigate long-tailed distribution issues.

Quantitative Evaluation

Empirical validation was conducted on three benchmark datasets: MSVD, MSR-VTT, and the newly introduced VATEX. The proposed system, ORG-TRL, achieved state-of-the-art performance in key metrics like BLEU-4, METEOR, ROUGE-L, and CIDEr. Notably, the CIDEr scores on MSVD and MSR-VTT reflected significant improvement over existing methods, underscoring enhanced capacity for generating descriptive and varied video captions.

Theoretical and Practical Implications

The integration of ORG and TRL provides nuanced advancements in video captioning, suggesting potential applications in assistive technologies and autonomous systems where contextual understanding of visual content is crucial. The model's ability to discern object relations within video sequences and utilize extensive linguistic data aligns with current demands for more intelligent AI systems capable of interfacing with diverse visual and linguistic data streams.

Future Directions

The findings propose several avenues for future research. Integration with more diverse datasets or expansion to multilingual capabilities could extend the ORG-TRL framework's applicability. Additionally, exploring dynamic ORG construction in real-time video capture scenarios might further enhance model responsiveness. Furthermore, refining TRL by optimizing soft-target selection may improve linguistic fluency and reducing unrelated semantic noise, paving the way for more contextually accurate caption generation models.

Overall, the paper delineates a robust, multifaceted approach to enhancing video captioning through improved object interaction understanding and the strategic incorporation of linguistic data. Such methodologies are likely to have broad implications across AI-driven visual understanding domains.