Exact Green's formula for the fractional Laplacian and perturbations (1904.03648v3)

Abstract: Let $\Omega $ be an open, smooth, bounded subset of $ \Bbb R ^n$. In connection with the fractional Laplacian $(-\Delta )^a$ ($a>0$), and more generally for a $2a$-order classical pseudodifferential operator ($\psi $do) $P$ with even symbol, one can define the Dirichlet value $\gamma 0^{a-1}u$ resp. Neumann value $\gamma _1^{a-1}u$ of $u(x)$ as the trace resp. normal derivative of $u/d^{a-1}$ on $\partial\Omega $, where $d(x)$ is the distance from $x\in\Omega $ to $\partial\Omega $; they define well-posed boundary value problems for $P$. A Green's formula was shown in a preceding paper, containing a generally nonlocal term $(B\gamma _0^{a-1}u,\gamma _0^{a-1}v){\partial\Omega }$, where $B$ is a first-order $\psi $do on $\partial\Omega $. Presently, we determine $B$ from $L$ in the case $P=L^a$, where $L$ is a strongly elliptic second-order differential operator. A particular result is that $B=0$ when $L=-\Delta $, and that $B$ is multiplication by a function (is local) when $L$ equals $-\Delta $ plus a first-order term. In cases of more general $L$, $B$ can be nonlocal.